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Phytotherapeutic Potential For the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Muhammad Akram, Atanu Bhattacharjee, Naveed Munir, Naheed Akhter, Fozia Anjum, Abida Parveen, Samreen Gul Khan, Muhammad Daniyal, Muhammad Riaz, Fahad Said Khan, Rumaisa Ansari, Umme Laila
AD is one of the most common causes of memory loss, and is also known as dementia in the elderly, and is the fourth most common cause of death in old people. Younger people below 65 years of age can also be affected by the disease (Francis, 1999). It was known simply as age-related memory loss or senile dementia until research in the 1970’s and 1980s on dementia in young and old people uncovered a similar mechanism underlying memory loss in the two age groups (Geldmacher, 1997). The frequency of the disease varies between different age groups and is found to increase with age. Whereas the frequency of AD in people aged 65 to 74 years is only 3% percent, it increases to up to 47.2% at the age of 85 years (Wernicke, 1994; Williams, 2003). Researchers have concluded that the frequency of cases of AD may increase three fold in the next 30 to 40 years (Geldmacher, 1997).
The Use of Tests and Instruments in the Evaluation of Patients With Dementia
Published in Zaven S. Khachaturian, Teresa S. Radebaugh, Alzheimer’s Disease, 2019
Several studies have demonstrated that the most prominent difference between early AD and age-related memory loss is a deficit in acquisition5 and recall after a delay4 of information such as a list of words. This deficit is demonstrated most clearly on the more-detailed assessments such as the CERAD battery,4 but is evident even on the brief screening instruments such as the MMSE25 and the Short Blessed Test.11 The reason for this deficit is probably that early AD is associated with neuropathologic change in the medial temporal regions of the brain necessary for forming permanent memory traces. Speeded performance on complex psychomotor tests such as Trailmaking is also impaired relatively early in AD.26 The reason for this impairment is not obvious, although these tests do place heavy demands on attention and working memory, that part of the memory system used to hold information temporarily while it is in consciousness.
Psychology across the lifespan
Published in Dominic Upton, Introducing Psychology for Nurses and Healthcare Professionals, 2013
As we can see, the most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s Disease, accounting for more than half of all cases. Dementia is a result of a decline in executive brain functioning, whatever the cause, and is usually diagnosed using a variety of clinical skills and evidence acquired through personal history, psychological assessment and brain scans (Burns and Hope, 1997), distinguishing age-related memory loss from that due to a disease process such as dementia especially in its early stages.
Interaction of bone and brain: osteocalcin and cognition
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Misa Nakamura, Masakazu Imaoka, Masatoshi Takeda
Oury et al. described how OC transmits signals to the brain. First, GluOC crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and accumulates in the brain stem, thalamus, and hypothalamus, where it can bind specifically with neurons. In the brain stem, OC binds to neurons in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei, which contain serotonergic neurons, thereby promoting serotonin synthesis, inducing calcium flux, and stimulating action potential frequency, while in the midbrain, OC binds to neurons in the ventral tegmental area and facilitates dopamine synthesis. In the hippocampus, OC binds to neurons in the CA3 region [37]. In addition, OC has been observed to bind to Gpr158, a G-protein-coupled receptor protein that is abundantly present in neurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and is involved in hippocampal dependent memory [39]. Gpr158/OC signaling regulates the expression of RbAp48, a histone-binding protein determinant of age-related memory loss, in hippocampal formation. Kosmidis et al. reported that the inhibition of RbAp48 inhibits the beneficial functions of OC in cognition and leads to deficits in discrimination memory. The OC/GPR158/RbAp48 signaling pathway has been reported to act on the dentate gyrus/A3c brain region to modulate contextual fear discrimination and on the CA3a region to modulate contextual completion [40]. These results suggest that RbAp48 upregulation via OC signaling improves age-related memory loss.
Cognitive Self-Efficacy and Mental Health Ratings after a Memory Skills Group for Older Veterans with PTSD
Published in Clinical Gerontologist, 2019
Caitlin J. Tyrrell, Jane B. Shofer, Emily H. Trittschuh
It is important to note that cognitive self-efficacy was not addressed explicitly with participants during this training. However, elements of this program, including encouragement of participant-centered goals, practice of skills and memory strategies emphasizing a sense of internal locus of control regarding cognition, and discussion and peer support facilitated by the group setting, are all elements suggested by past research that contribute to increases in cognitive self-efficacy (West et al., 2008). We posit that these elements of the program may be responsible for the overall increase observed in cognitive self-efficacy. Past work has demonstrated that cognitive self-efficacy relates to a sense of personal mastery and goal setting (Berry & West, 1993), while a general sense of self-efficacy appeared to relate to depression (O’Shea et al., 2015). The present results also suggest some benefit in terms of reduced depression symptomology following participation in the program, though, as noted, only in participants who began with lower levels of cognitive self-efficacy and also tended to have higher GDS at baseline. It has been suggested that cognitive self-efficacy helps to combat stereotypes older adults may have about age-related memory loss and to help reduce the sense of helplessness that may be associated with age-related memory changes (West et al., 2008). This is a possible mechanism by which cognitive self-efficacy may impact self-reported symptoms of depression.
Reducing age-related Memory Deficits: The Roles of Environmental Support and self-initiated Processing Activities
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2022
Some early evidence favoring the environmental support hypothesis of age-related memory loss came from experiments contrasting recognition with recall; the argument was that recognition testing provided more external support, and should therefore be associated with smaller age differences. This result was reported in a number of studies (e.g. Craik & McDowd, 1987; Schonfield & Robertson, 1966; Troyer, Häfliger, Cadieux, & Craik, 2006) although other researchers questioned the general validity of the result (Baddeley, 1996; Uttl, Henry, & Baltimore, 2007). In an attempt to provide more definitive evidence Danckert and Craik (2013) conducted three experiments on groups of younger and older adults. The experiments involved the somewhat unorthodox technique of testing participants first on recall and subsequently on recognition of the same words. This procedure has the advantage that by manipulating time delays and numbers of distractors, recognition performance can be brought down off ceiling, and also equated between the age groups. The procedure also allows for the calculation of conditional probabilities – given successful recognition of a word, what is the probability of its previous recall? In all cases, this value was lower for the older group; that is, older adults were less able to recall words they subsequently recognized. There is thus convincing evidence that recognition memory performance is less affected by the aging process than is recall memory (see also a recent meta-analysis by Rhodes, Greene, & Naveh-Bejamin, 2019); in line with the notion that recognition confers greater amounts of environmental support.