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Pathology of Breast Cancer
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
To overcome this problem, the radiologic abnormality should be correlated with tissue biopsy. The information should be incorporated in the communication process between the physician performing the biopsy and the pathologist. It is almost essential to confirm the presence of microcalcification by imaging the core biopsy specimen. For the pathologist sampling the specimen, a diligent search for microcalcification may be in order. This may include specimen radiography and extrasectioning of the specimen [39].
Paper 2
Published in Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw, The Final FRCR, 2020
Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw
Microcalcification is commonly detected on screening mammograms. It is useful to look at any available previous mammograms to assess whether there has been a change. The most concerning microcalcification is clustered, pleomorphic (varying in size and shape) or if it is in a ductal distribution with a branching linear pattern. The correct answer in this case describes this type of calcification, extending towards the nipple.
Breast Cancer
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Amy Case, Gwenllian Edwards, Catherine Pembroke
DCIS comprises a heterogeneous group of lesions characterized by proliferation of malignant cells within the mammary ductal system, with no evidence of invasion into the surrounding stroma. Most patients more commonly present with screen-detected microcalcification with no breast-related symptoms or signs on physical examination. Less common presentations include mass, nipple discharge, or other soft tissue change. DCIS is nearly always unilateral, in contrast to lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). The Van Nuys Prognostic Index classifies DCIS according to the risk of local recurrence after breast-preserving surgery is proposed.21 This index distinguishes high-nuclear- and non-high-nuclear-grade lesions, the latter being subdivided according to the presence or absence of comedo-type necrosis.
Nomogram prediction for the involution of the ablation zone after radiofrequency ablation treatment in patients with low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2021
Hongying He, Yan Zhang, Qing Song, Jiahang Zhao, Wen Li, Yi Li, Yukun Luo
Pan et al. [31] found that age and calcification were influencing factors for PTC prognosis; however, they did not further explore whether these factors influenced complete ablation zone disappearance after RFA. In our study, we found that aged patients and/or patients who had macrocalcification usually had difficulty in achieving complete ablation zone disappearance in the first year after RFA. Furthermore, it is important to note that immunogenic intracellular substrates are released from cells damaged by RFA [25]. According to Weiskopf et al. [32], an age-related decline in immune functions could affect the capacity of the immune system to respond to pathogens and repair damaged tissue. Macrocalcification is defined as calcifications >1 mm with posterior acoustic shadows [33]. Our results showed that the larger the calcification, the less likely is the complete ablation zone disappearance in the first year. The nature of microcalcification is different from that of macrocalcification. The former is closely related to psammoma, while the latter is mainly interstitial calcification and ossification [33,34]. However, whether macrocalcification affected the efficacy of RFA is not clear. In addition, sex also seemed to contribute to the nomogram, in our study. In deeper analysis, we found that the mean age of women in our study was greater than that of men.
What Are the Characteristics of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma Prone to High-Volume Lateral Lymph Node Metastasis? - An Analysis of 2981 Consecutive Cases
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Luying Gao, Xiaoyi Li, Chunhao Liu, Ruifeng Liu, Xinlong Shi, Liyuan Ma, Hao Zhao, Yu Xia, Yuxin Jiang
In the 2015 ATA and other guidelines, microcalcification presented as one of the highly suspicious signs of malignant nodules [1]. Nodules with microcalcifications might be more prone to lymph node metastasis [18,23]. Calcifications were significantly associated with central LNM of PTMC on univariate analysis [24]. A recent study reported that microcalcifications were identified as an independent predictor of high-volume central LNM of PTMC [23]. In LLNM, the presence of calcifications was a significant independent predictive factor in patients with PTMC [25]. Our study also showed that the LLNM and high-volume LLNM rates were significantly higher in patients with microcalcifications in nodules on preoperative ultrasound than in those without microcalcifications in nodules.
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Inhibits Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) Elevated Osteoblast Potential of Metastatic Breast Cancer (MDA-MB-231) Cells in Mammary Microcalcification
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Tanu Sharma, Ankit Sharma, Rekha Maheshwari, Geeta Pachori, Poonam Kumari, Chandi C. Mandal
Microcalcification detected in mammograms is an indicator for diagnosis of breast cancer. The presence of microcalcifications on mammograms results in detection of approximately 50% of non-palpable breast cancer (1) and about 93% cases detected are of ductal carcinoma in situ (2). Past studies have established a presence of type I microcalcifications (calcium oxalate) in benign lesions while type II microcalcifications (hydroxyapatite) are found both in benign and malignant lesions (3). However, recent findings not only suggest an unfavorable prognostic factor for the breast cancer with microcalcification as compared to breast cancer without microcalcification but also observe a positive link between malignancy and type II microcalcifications (4, 5). These findings raise an important question that which cell type gives rise to calcium deposition. However, the mechanism that drives microcalcification genesis is poorly understood but can be correlated to the property of osteotropism (breast cancer often metastasizes to bone) exhibited by breast cancer cells and also to the property of action of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2; most potent osteoinducer) which is solely responsible for physiological calcification. Various studies have revealed the presence of BMP-2 in breast cancer cells lesions (3), which can be correlated with pathological calcification of breast tissues. Moreover, mineralization-competent cells such as osteoblast cells, which drive calcification, are of mesenchymal origin. The breast malignant cells acquire mesenchymal characteristics after epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and reach to the bone and survive in bone microenvironment by osteomimicry (6).