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Kidney Stones
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Diet: Lemon juice increases urinary citrate and may prevent calcium stones. Whether one uses the recommended half cup of lemon juice per day straight up or diluted is a personal choice. Lemonade is another frequently recommended choice. Apple and cranberry juice contain oxalates associated with a higher risk of calcium oxalate stones and should be avoided.12 A low-oxalate diet is advised to help avoid calcium oxalate stones.
Paper 2
Published in Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman, nMRCGP Applied Knowledge Test Study Guide, 2021
Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman
The foods listed are all sources of oxalate except oranges. Calcium oxalate is a type of renal stone. Immobilisation, dehydration, anatomical anomalies, gout, hyperparathyroidism, diuretics and anticonvulsants can all increase the risk of renal stones.
Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy/disorders of peroxisomal biogenesis
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
No effective treatment has been developed for the disorders of peroxisome biogenesis. The dietary regimens under exploitation in X-linked ALD were explored in the milder examples of disorders of peroxisomal biogenesis. Improvement in a patient with neonatal ALD has been reported [97] following treatment with DHA (250 mg/day), but these observations have not generally been accepted. Clofibrate has been used without success to induce the formation of hepatic peroxisomes in Zellweger syndrome. Symptomatic therapy, such as the use of anticonvulsants, may be helpful in management. Oxalate accumulates in plasma and urine, and this yields renal calculi of calcium oxalate [97]. Oral citrate maybe used to prevent calculi. A high intake of fluid is recommended. Hearing aids and spectacles may be useful.
Vascular calcification on the risk of kidney stone: a meta-analysis
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Linxi Huang, Junjie Hu, Cheng Xue, Jiarong Ding, Zhiyong Guo, Bing Yu
Calcium phosphate deposition, mainly in the form of hydroxyapatite, is the hallmark of vascular calcification, which also constitutes the second largest composition of kidney stones [43,44]. Oxalate burden, which contributes to calcium oxalate stone formation, is also regarded as an important role in vascular calcification [45]. The kidney stone plaque is similar with plaques formed during vascular calcification, both of which consisted of crystals mixed with organic matrix [46]. As more researches have pointed out the shared pathophysiologic pathways in forming calcium kidney stones and vascular calcification, the conception that both diseases are forms of pathological biomineralization or ectopic calcification is becoming generally accepted [47]. Despite the efforts in exploration of potent mechanisms in kidney stone and vascular calcification, there are still a lot remained revealing. Our work strengthened the connection behind the two diseaseas, and patients with vascular calcification are worthy of more caution for their risk of kidney stone and renal injury.
Could the region you live in prevent or precipitate kidney stone formation due to mineral intake through tap water? An analysis of nine distribution regions in Flanders
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2023
Michaël M. E. L. Henderickx, Simone J. M. Stoots, Joyce Baard, Guido M. Kamphuis
Calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and sulphate all influence the risk of kidney stone formation. Calcium can lower the risk of kidney stone formation by binding with oxalate in the intestine. However, without calcium, oxalate is reabsorbed in the bloodstream and released in the urine, increasing the risk of kidney stone formation [12]. Therefore, patients with calcium oxalate stones, the most common type of kidney stones, are advised to consume two to three products rich in calcium. Magnesium, then again, keeps calcium dissolved in the bloodstream, thus preventing calcium to be released in the urine and subsequently lowering the risk of kidney stone formation due to an excess of calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria). Additionally, magnesium may also diminish urinary oxalate excretion by reducing the intestinal reabsorption [12–15]. Similarly, potassium intake has been associated with a lower risk of kidney stone formation. A low potassium intake can impair the reabsorption of calcium, leading to hypercalciuria and thus a higher risk of kidney stone formation [13,16].
Lumasiran: expanding the treatment options for patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1
Published in Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2021
Successful knockdown of GO by lumasiran, and therefore reduction in hepatic oxalate production, is currently measured through plasma and urinary oxalate levels. However, accurate measurement of plasma and urine oxalate are not without their challenges: urine oxalate requiring a 24-h collection that may be difficult in infants and young children, and in practice, differences in sample preservation and analytical methods can cause variability in results between centers performing the tests. To negate the analytical problems, individual biological variability should be established by collecting three or four 24-h samples prior to the start of treatment, and all samples from individual patients should be analyzed in the same laboratory. The use of spot urine, or samples collected over a short timeframe, reporting the oxalate-to-creatinine ratio must be considered as a tool in longer term follow-up. However, it is important to remember that normal ranges are considerably higher in pediatric patients than in adults and vary in different age brackets. A reduction in calcium oxalate deposits, assessed by ultrasonography, computerized tomography or magnetic resonance, could also be used to measure treatment response.