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Immunization
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Michael F. Para, Susan L. Koletar, Carter L. Diggs
In summary, many factors must be taken into account when developing recommendations for immunoprophylaxis. The recommendations must be based on the potential for exposure to particular pathogens, the probable times of exposure and the consequences of such an exposure. The severity of the disease to be prevented must be balanced against the dangers of immunization and the discomfort and costs of immunization. The availability of a vaccine or toxoid must also be considered. The routine childhood immunizations in the United States are directed at the usual childhood diseases which occur there, such as measles, mumps, rubella, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and Haemophilus influenza infection (Table 19.3). Immunization for segments of the population are based on expected risk factors. Veterinarians and animal handlers receive prophylactic preexposure rabies vaccines; travelers and military personnel may be immunized against plague, yellow fever, and cholera. Elderly people may be immunized against influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia. Occupational hazards and life-style habits are thus important factors in planning immunization programs (Table 19.4).
Antiviral Agents and Rational Drug Design
Published in Nathan Keighley, Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
Vaccination is a preventative approach to protect people from viral diseases and is particularly successful against childhood diseases, such as polio, MMR, small pox, and yellow fever. The approach was first realised by Edward Jenner in the 18th century, when he observed that a milkmaid, who contracted the less virulent disease cowpox, subsequently had become immune to smallpox. He inoculated people with material from cowpox legions and discovered that they too had become immune to smallpox.
The Power of Patient Advocacy in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology
Published in David A. Walker, Giorgio Perilongo, Roger E. Taylor, Ian F. Pollack, Brain and Spinal Tumors of Childhood, 2020
Kathy Oliver, Susan Awrey, Mark Brougham, Gloria Garcia Castellvi, Anita Granero, Rakesh Jalali, Sacha Langton-Gilks, Yuko Moue, Kathy Riley, Bonita Suckling, Hisato Tagawa, Mohammed Raees Tonse
The b.r.a.i.n.child conference provides parents, families, survivors, bereaved families, and professionals with an opportunity to meet, learn, and share information. Additionally, the conference is a forum for researchers to update parents on what studies are ongoing and how these can impact their child. b.r.a.i.n.child-funded projects are also showcased. The research projects supported by b.r.a.i.n.child over the years have led to much greater insight and knowledge into this devastating childhood disease. Key research includes the differentiation in medulloblastoma tumors leading to better indicators for improved treatment options.31
‘From cover-up to catastrophe:’ how the anti-vaccine propaganda documentary ‘Vaxxed’ impacted student perceptions and intentions about MMR vaccination
Published in Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 2022
Amanda S. Bradshaw, Summer S. Shelton, Alexis Fitzsimmons, Debbie Treise
In this study, questions were asked pertaining to each of the HBM constructs. Notably, the majority of participants did not perceive themselves or any prospective children to be susceptible to vaccine-preventable diseases with the exception of influenza. Standard childhood diseases with longstanding vaccines were viewed as ‘in the past’ and irrelevant. In terms of severity, aside from acknowledging polio, measles, and to a lesser extent, HPV, as potentially severe diseases, the remaining 10 VPDs recommended on the standard childhood vaccine schedule were viewed as minor. While participants acknowledged a tangible benefit of vaccination – protection from disease – most (n = 18) expressed a need for more information about the recommended vaccines and potential side effects. The current perceived lack of comprehensive information was a perceived barrier that could keep participants from ‘blindly consenting’ to vaccines. As far as cues to action, which the HBM posits could trigger a behavioral change (e.g. vaccine uptake), participants recalled an overall lack of memorable pro-vaccine media coverage. Finally, in regard to self-efficacy, participants who initially seemed confident about vaccines expressed some doubt and concern after watching the Vaxxed documentary segment.
Tuberculosis in children with severe acute malnutrition
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2022
Bryan J Vonasek, Kendra K Radtke, Paula Vaz, W Chris Buck, Chishala Chabala, Eric D McCollum, Olivier Marcy, Elizabeth Fitzgerald, Alexander Kondwani, Anthony J Garcia-Prats
Major factors that complicate TB diagnosis in children include: 1) symptoms tend to be less specific in children and overlap with those of other common childhood diseases; 2) specimen sampling collection methods, such as sputum induction or gastric aspiration, are often invasive and resource intensive; 3) microbiological tests for children often have suboptimal sensitivity due to the paucibacillary nature of childhood TB (ideally tests need to be inexpensive, accessible, and usable at the point of care, allowing for actionable information for patient care); and 4) reliance on a clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis, without microbiological evidence of disease, can be challenging in areas where the burden of disease is greatest, with health-care workers at the primary care level typically having minimal training and support for diagnosing and managing childhood TB [3]. In children with SAM, with lethargy so common and blunting of symptoms such as fever and cough also common, the issue of symptom overlap is further magnified.
Implementing Expanded Prenatal Genetic Testing: Should Parents Have Access to Any and All Fetal Genetic Information?
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2022
Michelle J. Bayefsky, Benjamin E. Berkman
The Public Policy Committee of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) published a paper on prenatal testing for adult-onset conditions, which concludes that conflicts between the right of prospective parents to obtain information and the right of the future child should generally be resolved in favor of the parents. The authors predict that the scope of prenatal testing will continue to broaden and support more research into the outcomes of ePGT (Hercher et al. 2016). While we appreciate the Committee’s thoughtful analysis of the issue of adult-onset conditions, additional guidance is needed for both physicians and genetic counselors regarding testing for other types of genetic conditions, including learning disabilities, severe cognitive disabilities, life-threatening childhood diseases, and nonmedical traits.