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I'd Rather Be Jabbed Than Shot
Published in Norman Begg, The Remarkable Story of Vaccines, 2023
Giving a vaccine by injection is pretty straightforward. You need a syringe, a needle and of course the vaccine. The syringe has two parts – the barrel containing the vaccine, and the plunger, which pushes the vaccine from the barrel through the needle and into the muscle. The needle is attached to the barrel of the syringe before giving the injection. Some syringes are made with the needle pre-attached. The vaccine is drawn up into the syringe from a small bottle (called a vial) using the needle. Sometimes it is a powder that has to first be dissolved before being drawn up. To make life easier, some manufacturers have already put the vaccine in the syringe beforehand – these are called pre-filled syringes. The vaccine is now ready to be injected into a muscle. The best place to give the injection is where there is a decent-sized muscle, which is easy to access. In adults and older children, this is the upper part of the arm, and in babies the thigh is the best spot. The needle is pushed through the skin, usually at a right angle, and the vaccine is injected. The amount of vaccine that is usually injected is 0.5 ml. This is equivalent to one-tenth of a standard teaspoon. The whole procedure takes a few seconds.
Medicines management
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Kirsty Andrews, Martina O’Brien
Syringes are selected according to the volume to be given. Volumes of l mL and under must be given in a 1 mL syringe, because of the smaller units of graduation, usually 0.1 mL. Some drugs require a special syringe. For example, insulin needs a syringe that is marked in units, which is how insulin is prescribed. Insulin syringes incorporate a needle as well. Some injections (e.g. low-molecular-weight heparin) are pre-prepared and these also have a needle attached.
Chorionic villus sampling
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Giovanni Monni, Maria Angelica Zoppi, Carolina Axiana
The aspiration technique represents maybe the most common method of TC-CVS (Fig. 2). It is carried out using a 1.5-mm (16-gauge) cannula of polyethylene with a 1-mm malleable stainless-steel or malleable stylet. To facilitate the transcervical passage into the uterus, the distal 3 to 5cm of the cannula is slightly curved. The cannula must be passed through the cervix without touching the vaginal walls, and sometimes it is required to steady the cervix until any loss of resistance is perceived at the internal os. The cannula tip is visualized at this point by real-time ultrasound and is advanced under direct visualization into the chorion frondosum. The cannula is positioned parallel to the axis of the developing placenta and advanced almost to its distal end. The metallic obturator (stylet) is then removed, and a 20-ml syringe containing 5ml of growth medium with heparin is attached to the end of the cannula. Chorionic villi are finally aspirated by applying negative pressure with the syringe while moving the catheter several times through the placenta in the longitudinal axis. The cannula and the attached syringe are then withdrawn. The syringe is to maintain suction throughout sampling and the withdrawal of the catheter to favor villi removal (14).
Depressive-like phenotype enhances relapse of nicotine seeking after forced abstinence in rats
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2023
Petra Amchova, Jana Ruda-Kucerova
Nicotine self-administration was conducted in the same operant boxes. Nose-pokes in the active hole led to the activation of the infusion pump and administration of a single infusion followed by a 20-s time-out, i.e. a fixed ratio-1 (FR-1) schedule of reinforcement. Nose-poke stimulation during time-out was recorded but not rewarded. The numbers of nose-pokes presented in the figures are total, including the time-out. A syringe delivered infusions within an automatic infusion pump located outside the chamber connected to liquid swivels. A house light illuminated the cage during the session. The light was flashing when the infusion was being administered and off during the time-out. Each session was commenced with a single priming nicotine infusion accompanied by a light flashing as the combination of cue (flashing light) and priming infusion was found to lead to a reliable self-administration behaviour in rats (Venniro et al. 2015; Ruda-Kucerova et al. 2021). Self-administration sessions lasted 1 h and took place 7 days/week between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. during the dark period of the cycle.
Fabrication of gelatin/silk fibroin/phage nanofiber scaffold effective against multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
W. A. Sarhan, H. G. Salem, M. A. F. Khalil, I. M. El-Sherbiny, H. M. E. Azzazy
Gelatin solution (G: 50% w/v), 1:1 of 50% gelatin and 8%fibroin solution and 9:1(G/F)/Phg {9 of (G/F):1 phage stock solution} were prepared. Initially, gelatin was dissolved in 10 M acetic acid and stirred at room temperature for 20 min. The dialyzed fibroin solution (8 wt %) was slowly added to the gelatin (G) solution (1:1) and stirred at 4 °C forming the gelatin/fibroin (G/F) solution. The phage (Phg) stock solution (108–109 PFU mL−1) was added to the G/F solution (10%) and slowly stirred at 4 °C at 70 rpm for 10 min forming the G/F/Phg solution. The prepared solutions were electrospun into nanofibers using the electrospinner (NANON-O1A electrospinner, MECC, Japan). A 5 ml syringe was attached to a stainless steel needle (22 gauge) as the nozzle was loaded with each of the as-prepared solutions. Electrospinning was achieved by applying high voltage to the polymer droplet at the tip of the needle. Samples were collected on a ground collector covered with aluminum foil. To collect nanofibrous scaffolds with uniform thickness, the spinneret moved transversely at a speed of 100 mm/s and a width of 100 mm. During electrospinning, the temperature and humidity were maintained at 32 °C and 30–35%, respectively. Moreover, the electrospinner was sterilized by ethanol and the fibers were collected and stored under aseptic conditions to overcome the need for UV sterilization in order to preserve the viability of the bacterioPhg within the electrospun nanofibers.
Half unit insulin pen: an effective yet underutilized insulin delivery option
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2021
Debmalya Sanyal, Amarta Shankar Chowdhury
Insulin may be administered through a syringe that is filled from a vial, an insulin pen or an insulin pump – continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Syringes are inexpensive, but they can be inconvenient, indiscreet and have a greater risk of inaccuracy. Syringes also pose a barrier to appropriate and accurate dosing in patients with visual or physical impairment8. On the other hand, insulin pens have been designed to overcome these barriers in insulin therapy10–12. Most of the available pens in the market deliver insulin in 1 U increments, a few deliver in half-units (0.5 U). Half-unit pens (HUPs), compared to 1 U pens, can further improve the accuracy and precision in insulin therapy13. Young people and elderly, who need very small insulin dosages, are much benefited by the use of HUPs. Carbohydrate counting improves glycemic control and reduces glycemic variability. Half unit insulin delivery can more effectively match the insulin to carbohydrate ratio in people using carbohydrate counting to calculate insulin dose9,13. The main purpose of HUPs is to provide accurate insulin administration to an insulin-sensitive patient. HUPs improve treatment adherence leading to better clinical outcome and quality of life13. HUPs that are available in the market are HumaPen Luxura HDi, NovoPen Echoii, JuniorSTARiii, Humalog Junior Kwikpeniv, and InPenv,9.