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Parapharyngeal Space
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Lesions of the parapharyngeal space are predominantly treated by surgery. The aim of surgery is to remove the lesion with minimal morbidity. Adjuvant radiotherapy is reserved for malignant lesions or recurrent benign lesions with a high risk of recidivism. Chemotherapy is administered when indicated by specific histology, such as rhabdomyosarcoma, positive margin status, tumour histology, and perineural and lympho-vascular spread. Radiotherapy has also been used in patients who are considered a high surgical risk or for unresectable lesions.
Medical and Biological Applications of Low Energy Accelerators
Published in Vlado Valković, Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
Varian hardware, software and professional services for radiation treatments are widely used on a global basis. There are more than 7,200 linear accelerators, 3,300 treatment-planning sites and 3,000 ARIA® sites in use worldwide. VARIAN offers the equipment and services in the fields of (Figs. 2.7–2.10):Radiosurgery involves the use of sophisticated technology to ablate tumors or other abnormalities with non-invasive, high-dose radiation.Radiotherapy uses high-energy radiation, usually X-rays, to damage cancer cells and treat tumors anywhere in the body where radiation treatment is indicated.Proton therapy uses beams of positively charged nuclear particles to deliver highly focused doses in the tumor.
Cancer Biology and Genetics for Non-Biologists
Published in Trevor F. Cox, Medical Statistics for Cancer Studies, 2022
Radiation is not given to a patient all in one dose. Radiation is measured in Grays. The total amount of radiation to be given is divided into fractions and a daily dose given. A typical treatment regime would be a daily dose, five days a week for six weeks. There are usually side-effects with radiotherapy, such as hair loss and fatigue.
NMN alleviates radiation-induced intestinal fibrosis by modulating gut microbiota
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Xiaotong Zhao, Kaihua Ji, Manman Zhang, Hao Huang, Feng Wang, Yang Liu, Qiang Liu
Radiotherapy is a common treatment for a variety of cancers with high efficacy in killing cancer cells. But the damage caused by ionizing radiation (IR) to adjacent normal cells and tissues is also inevitable. Radiation induced intestinal injury is a typical side effect of radiotherapy for abdominal and pelvic cancer, accompanied with symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal distension, and abdominal pain (De Ruysscher et al. 2019). Chronic intestinal damage, a major adverse effect in long-term cancer survivors, usually occurs ranging from months to 3 years after radiotherapy and results in intestinal fibrosis, mucosal atrophy, and microvascular sclerosis (Hauer-Jensen et al. 2014). Among them, intestinal fibrosis is irreversible and contributes to morbidity and mortality of patients receiving radiotherapy. However, there is an urgent need to develop effective clinical drugs and therapies.
Isolated cystic liver metastasis in a case of squamous cell carcinoma of cervix
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Omer Faruk Ates, Osman Kindir, Onur Taydas, Ebru Kayra
A 38-year-old female patient had initially been diagnosed with cervical squamous cell carcinoma after the detection of a cervical mass in another hospital. The patient’s complaint at the time of diagnosis was abnormal vaginal bleeding. Upon detecting a mass extending from the cervix to the lower 1/3 of the vagina, the patient underwent a biopsy. Histopathologically, the diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, the patient’s Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16 in situ hybridisation (ISH) test was positive. No distant metastases were detected at the time of diagnosis. The patient was considered FIGO stage 3A because of the vagina lower 1/3 involvement and was directed to radiotherapy. Thirty sessions of radiotherapy were applied. Ten months later, the patient presented to the interventional radiology unit of our hospital for biopsy with no active complaint other than mild right upper quadrant pain, and at that time a newly developed cystic lesion was detected on positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT). There was no known medical history other than of a cervical squamous cell carcinoma. The patient did not have a hydatid cyst that was negative, according to the indirect haemagglutination test. Among the tumour markers, the carcinoembryonic antigen 5.05 (N: 0−5) microgram/L and CA 125: 45 (N: 0−35) U/mL were slightly elevated.
Triumph against cancer: invading colorectal cancer with nanotechnology
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Preksha Vinchhi, Mayur M. Patel
Radiotherapy has several drawbacks that include skin reactions like redness, skin peeling, and blisters at the radiation site, fatigue, infertility, and sexual dysfunction, alopecia, and nausea. Sometimes, tissue scarring, fibrosis, and adhesions lead to sticking of the tissues in radiation imparted areas. Apart from the above-mentioned limitations, issues in bowel movements, blood in the stool, bowel incontinence, pain in bowel movements and urination, bladder irritation are some of the major quality of life concerning issues. The data of long term follow-up of the Swedish cohort and Dutch trial represented urinary and fecal consistency issues due to impairment in functional sensitivities of the urinary tract and anal sphincter by SC-RT [44,45]. While comparing SC-RT and LC-CRT, higher acute toxicity issues are detected with LC-CRT. Moreover, the results for some trials revealed that female patients are prone to acute organ toxicity, hematologic toxicity, vaginal dryness and dyspareunia [46].