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Thermal Imaging for Arthritis Evaluation in a Small Animal Model
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
In case of heat allodynic, the rats were kept on a glass floor and a light source is passed underneath the floor which exposed the heel region of rats (Hargreaves et al., 1988). The withdrawal reflex disrupted the reflected light from the heel onto the photocell. This made the light and timer automatically turn off. The baseline latencies were observed as 7 s with a maximum cut-off frequency of 15 s to overcome tissue damage.
General Principles for Measuring Arterial Waves
Published in Wilmer W Nichols, Michael F O'Rourke, Elazer R Edelman, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries, 2022
A photoelectric device for contact-free recording of phasic diameter waveforms of exposed arteries in situ was developed by Wetterer et al. (1977b). The device has been used to study the dynamic elastic properties of various arteries in both dogs and humans. The light emitted by a 6 W light bulb is collimated by a projection lens and directed onto the surface of a silicon photocell. The voltage drop caused by the photocell current flowing through an adjustable load resistor represents the signal voltage. This voltage decreases linearly with the increasing area of the shadow cast by the artery on the photocell and is thus proportional to the diameter of the artery.
Intra-operative patient monitoring
Published in Daniel Cottle, Shondipon Laha, Peter Nightingale, Anaesthetics for Junior Doctors and Allied Professionals, 2018
The physical principle is based on the differing absorption spectra of oxygenated haemoglobin (HbO2) compared with deoxygenated haemoglobin (Hb). The probe uses LEDs to emit pulses of red (wavelength, 660 nm) and infrared (wavelength, 940 nm) light, which are absorbed by the Hb and HbO2 and the tissues. A photocell detects the remaining light on the opposite side of the digit.
Design of artificial cells: artificial biochemical systems, their thermodynamics and kinetics properties
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Adamu Yunusa Ugya, Lin Pohan, Qifeng Wang, Kamel Meguellati
Therefore, the minimal representations of synthetic cellularity using biological processes generated by bottom-up strategies are generating a growing interest in the field of synthetic biology. The use and development of in vitro gene expression systems (IVGES) is considered an advance in photocell engineering to provide off-line biological content for storage and processing in synthetic cell-free environments. Tang group used carboxymethyl-dextran/polylysine (CM-dextran/PLys) coacervate for the sequestration and retention of a plasmid-containing IVGES to show cell-free gene expression and folding of the red fluorescent protein mCherry at pH = 8 [30]. Another study on engineered cells in mammalian tissues is linked to a synthetic module (photoactivated synthesis of cyclic dimeric GMP) to obtain a 40-fold photoactivation of gene expression [36] (Figure 3). Recently, it was found that the oxygenation of stem cells is stimulated by artificial membrane-binding proteins during the engineering of large cartilage tissues [37]. It was reported in 1997 that the vesicle growth was driven by the simple dipeptide catalyst seryl-histidine (Ser-His) through the catalytic synthesis of a hydrophobic dipeptide, N-acteyl-L-phenylalanine-leucinamide (AcPheLeuNH2) [38].
Daily rhythms of swimming activity, synchronization to different feeding times and effects on anesthesia practice in an Amazon fish species (Colossoma macropomum)
Published in Chronobiology International, 2018
Rodrigo Fortes-Silva, Silvan Vianna Do Valle, Jose Fernando Lopéz-Olmeda
Temporal restrictions of feeding can phase-shift behavioral and physiological circadian rhythms in fish. In this phase, we evaluated the effects of two different mealtimes on the daily swimming patterns of tambaqui and the occurrence of FAA. Forty-eight fish (body weight: 16.01 ± 0.18 g) were used and were randomly distributed into two groups. Each group was fed once a day every day at the same time: ML (fish fed in the mid-light phase, 12:00 h) and MD (fish fed in the mid-dark phase, 00:00 h). Each group contained six tanks with eight fish per tank. The feeding activity of all the groups was recorded for 20 days. To this end, an infrared photocell was placed inside each aquarium to face the automatic feeder in order to record FAA. As phase 1, all the photocells were connected to a computer, where data were stored for further analyses. As FAA has a gradual development, requiring several feeding cycles to appear (López-Olmeda 2017), only the last 7 days of Phase 2 were used to evaluate FAA. The occurrence and duration of FAA was determined as the time which elapsed between the feeding time and increased anticipatory activity, which was defined as a 2.5-fold increase over baseline activity, and which was sustained for at least 30 min and not followed by any inflection for more than 1 h, as described elsewhere (Stephan 1997; Costa et al. 2016).
Circadian expression of DNA methylation and demethylation genes in zebrafish gonads
Published in Chronobiology International, 2018
Juan Fernando Paredes, Jose Fernando Lopez-Olmeda, Jose A Muñoz-Cueto, F. Sánchez-Vázquez
Experiment 1 was designed to describe the daily rhythms of expression of epigenetic genes. To this end, fish were distributed into 6 different tanks placing 14 fish per tank (7 males and 7 females). The photoperiod was set at 12 h light:12 h dark cycle (12:12 LD). Zebrafish were fed three times a day by means of automatic feeders (Eheim GmbH & Co. KG, model 3581, Deizisau, Germany) that delivered a daily ratio of 1.5% of the fish body weight. Food was provided only during the light phase of the LD cycle and meal times were changed every four days to avoid the synchronizing effects of food. To test daily behavioral rhythms, the locomotor activity was recorded in all tanks during the acclimation phase by means of an infrared photocell (E3Z-D67, Omron, Kyoto, Japan) placed in the middle of each tank at 3 cm below the water surface. Each photocell was connected to a computer which counted and stored the number of light beam interruptions at 10-min intervals using specialized software (DIO96USB, University of Murcia, Spain). Then, data were collected and analyzed using chronobiology software designed by Professor Díez Noguera (El Temps, University of Barcelona, Spain).