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Cadmium: Uses, Occurrence, and Intake
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Cadmium-contaminated soil and water may occur naturally or as the result of emissions from industries, the use of cadmium-rich fertilizers and/or sewage sludge, or in the form of deposited air pollution. Crops grown on contaminated soils and/or irrigated by cadmium-contaminated water take up cadmium efficiently. Uptake is strongly enhanced by a low pH level.
Other Toxic Effects
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
The major health risks associated with long-term occupational or environmental exposure to cadmium are found in connection with the effects which take place in the lungs, the kidneys, and the skeleton. These effects have been discussed in preceding chapters (see Chapters 8 to 10).
Heavy Metals
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Acute cadmium poisoning is a potentially fatal disease, while chronic cadmium exposure leads to the accumulation of cadmium complexes in the kidney (potentially leading to renal failure), reduced bone mineralization, decreased lung function, and higher risk of cancer development [17].
Elevated Serum and Hair Levels of Cadmium as a Risk Factor for Liver Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Liang Zhang, Yan Wang, Tian Li, Wenlei Zhuo, Yi Zhu
Dietary intake is the main route of Cd exposure (54). Cd pollution of food may occur at all stages, including agricultural production, processing, and consumer preparation for consumption. At present, there is no effective method to easily distinguish whether food is contaminated by Cd. Therefore, the key step to reducing Cd in the diet is to reduce or prevent the initial absorption of plants as food or feed crops (55). The body cannot actively remove cadmium from the body. In terms of treatment, a chelating agent is mainly used to detoxify cadmium in the clinic to neutralize the toxicity of cadmium and weaken the damage of cadmium to body cells, but its curative effect is not accurate (56,57). In recent years, studies have suggested that natural compounds in food, such as hesperidin (58) and ginkgo biloba extract (59), are expected to become drugs with the potential to antagonize cadmium toxicity and prevent cadmium damage and carcinogenesis.
Cadmium exposure and DNA damage (genotoxicity): a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Raju Nagaraju, Ravibabu Kalahasthi, Rakesh Balachandar, Bhavani Shankara Bagepally
Occupational exposure is the primary source of long-term Cadmium (Cd) exposure among humans (Fatima et al. 2019; Genchi et al. 2020). It occurs either by ingestion (fumes and dust), inhalation, or by dermal exposure. Cadmium exposure occurs in various industrial activities, including electroplating, mining, smelting, refining, the paint industry, fertilizers, batteries, plastics, e-waste recycling, jewelry workers, and soldering or welding of cadmium-containing metals (Zhang and Reynolds 2019). Cadmium is shown to act as a human carcinogen and is classified in Group I of the International Agency for Research on Cancer classification. The epidemiological studies have demonstrated the potential of Cd exposure (occupational or environmental) has been related to various types of cancer, which include urinary bladder, breast, prostate, pancreas, nasopharynx, and lung (Mezynska and Brzóska 2018; Genchi et al. 2020). The carcinogenetic properties of Cd are speculated to its nature of inducing oxidative stress, epigenetic modifications, genotoxic effects, and impairments in DNA repair mechanisms (Waisberg et al. 2003; Bertin and Averbeck 2006; Luevano and Damodaran 2014; Cui et al. 2021).
Toxicological approaches for the quantitative inhalation risk assessment of toxic metals from tobacco smoke: application on the deterministic and probabilistic inhalation risk assessment of cadmium for Austrian smokers
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2021
Christina Vlachou, Katharina Vejdovszky, Josef Wolf, Johann Steinwider, Klemens Fuchs, Daniela Hofstädter
The kidneys and lungs are the main target organs of toxicity following inhalation (ATSDR 2012). Cadmium accumulates primarily in the kidneys and can induce life-threatening Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), characterized by proximal tubule dysfunction (Benedetti 1999; Kobayashi et al. 2008; Ferraro et al. 2010). The lungs of smokers are also a site of significant accumulation (Tsuchiyama et al. 1997), which can cause carcinogenicity (Pääkkö et al. 1989; Terzakis 1995; Waalkes 2000; Huff et al. 2007; IARC 2012), as well as non-cancer disorders such as emphysema, fibrosis, chronic inflammation (Pappas 2011), obstructive lung disease (Lin et al. 2010), and tissue sensitization (Walczak-Drzewiecka et al. 2003). An additional point of concern is the possible increased susceptibility of adolescent smokers to cancer due to the early-life stage exposure (Barton et al. 2005).