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The Forensic Pathological Aspects of Deaths Due to Drowning and Bodies Recovered from Fluid Environments
Published in Kevin L. Erskine, Erica J. Armstrong, Water-Related Death Investigation, 2021
Varying quantities of watery fluid admixed with aquatic debris may be found in the stomach as a result of active ingestion during the drowning process, terminal agonal swallowing, or passive flow of water into the stomach. The stomach may be full, partly full, or empty. In cases in which a cause of death other than drowning can be demonstrated, such fluid can be considered to be the result of passive entry into the stomach. Antemortem ingestion of water is another consideration. Any odors emanating from the gastric contents will be noted. For example, drinking-alcohol often has a recognizable odor, an effect of the additives and chemicals in alcoholic beverages known as congeners. The gastric contents will be collected and measured (typically in milliliters) and a portion or the entire contents will be submitted preferably to the toxicology lab. In cold water drownings, the presence of punctate green-black gastric erosions, also known as Wischnewski spots or erosions (Figure 9.16) are representative of a stress response induced by the effects of hypothermia. Microscopically, the necrosis (cell death) with reactive inflammation will be evident and are a sign of vital reaction.
An Overview of Drug-Induced Nephropathies *
Published in Robin S. Goldstein, Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
Jean Paul Fillastre, Michel Godin
Many antibiotics belong to this class of compounds. Renal damage due to cephalosporins is uncommon, but well documented. It is unfortunate that because the first two introduced into clinical practice, cephaloridine and cephalothin, were nephrotoxic, all of the others have also been presumed to be so. In fact, renal involvement has been found only rarely with the use of newer congeners.
Liver Diseases
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
The major action of ethanol manifests in the liver cell which exerts an essential role in ethanol metabolism.358,549 These effects include alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic fatty liver, and alcoholic cirrhosis (Figure 33). There are, however, other organs which are involved in alcohol-induced disease and the onset and prognosis of many nonhepatic conditions such as gastritis, peptic ulcer, heart and arterial diseases, cancer of the larynx, stomach, mouth, and throat, are greatly influenced by the excessive consumption of alcoholic drinks. Alcoholic beverages contain ethyl alcohol and many other congeners. Some of the additional beverage congeners may be inherently toxic and other constituents are beneficial such as essential minerals, nutrients, and vitamins, as in wine and beer.329,330,602
Polychlorinated biphenyls promote cell survival through pyruvate kinase M2-dependent glycolysis in HeLa cells
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Yuting Zhang, Li Song, Zhuoyu Li
PCBs exposure has been associated with neoplasias. Meanwhile, PCBs exposure can cause immunosuppression and immunosuppression is reported to increase the risk of cervical cancer (Chaturvedi et al. 2009; Klumb et al. 2010; Crinnion 2011), which implies the relevance between PCBs and cervical cancer. In the present study, we found that PCB126, PCB118 or PCB153 exposure promoted HeLa cell survival, which further supported the relation between PCBs and cervical cancer. The main way for tumor cells to gain energy is aerobic glycolysis, which is the key to survival and growth for cancer cells (Potter et al. 2016). The present study indicated that PCB126, PCB118 or PCB153 treatment significantly increased cell viability. We further studied the impact of three PCBs on glycolysis based on the important role of aerobic glycolysis in promoting cancer cell survival. We found that the three congeners exposure significantly elevated glucose uptake and lactate production. Moreover, glycolysis-related proteins such as GLUT1, LDHA and PDK were overexpressed in PCBs-treated cells. These data suggested that three PCBs elevated aerobic glycolysis. Above results proved that glycolysis is pivotal for PCBs-promoted HeLa cell survival.
Effects of Phyllanthus amarus PHYLLPROTM leaves on hangover symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Annie George, Jay K. Udani, Ashril Yusof
At visit 2, after eating only the standardized foods in the 36 h prior, subjects were given several shots (1.5 fluid oz.) of alcohol (Jack Daniel’s Whisky, TN, USA) to reach a blood alcohol level (BAL) of 0.12% to create a high enough level of impairment to result in positive hangover scores the following morning (visit 3), measured using a breathanalyzer (AlcoMate® PRO, Korea). Whisky was chosen for its high congener content relative to other types of alcohol (Wiese et al. 2004). The number of shots was estimated based on gender and body weight. Breath analyzer measurements were taken at 30 and 60 min after the initiation of alcohol ingestion. During the overnight stay, the primary, secondary and tertiary endpoints were measured over 22 h upon intoxication. At the end of the visit, subjects received standardized frozen foods to consume for 36 h prior to switching to the next arm in the next visit (visit 4).
Sex differences in the association of measures of sexual maturation to common toxicants: Lead, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Casey N. West, Lawrence M. Schell, Mia V. Gallo
The problem of comparing results is especially severe in comparing studies of PCBs. Most PCBs were sold under the trade name Aroclor and these were manufactured with different percentages of chlorine (usually indicated by the last two digits of the name, as in Aroclor 1254 which is 54% chlorine by weight). That percentage is achieved by a mixture of different congeners, some highly chlorinated and others much less so. Any studied population will have a mix of PCB congeners in serum depending on which Aroclors it was exposed to. Thus, no two populations have the same combination of PCB congeners. As specific congeners are related to endocrine activity, different effects are to be expected from different combinations of congeners and each study is virtually unique in exposure.