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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Best fit. Secondary aluminium smelting processes have previously been found to be important sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Recycling of aluminium involves melting the scrap metal at very high temperatures and casting to form new ingots. The potential for PCDD/F exposure of employees at recycling plants is well recognised and regulations are usually in place to control exposure. The Hall–Héroult process releases carbon dioxide. Whilst bauxite can be contaminated with various trace elements, including beryllium, a significant risk of respiratory problems is not recognised. Telangiectasia is documented as being found in aluminium smelting workers whilst a direct relationship with cardiovascular disease is not.
Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Dioxins are the term used to refer to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Co-planar Polychlorinated Biphenyls (co-planar PCBs) possess toxicity similar to that of dioxins and are called dioxin-like compounds (198–200). In total, there are 7 PCDDs, 10 PCDFs, and 12 PCBs which are considered dioxins or dioxin-like compounds by the World Health Organization (WHO) (199).
Different kinds of infertility, possible reasons for infertility
Published in Elisabeth Hildt, Dietmar Mieth, In Vitro Fertilisation in the 1990s, 2018
Hans-Rudolf Tinneberg, Ulrich Göhring
In test animals, polychlorinateddibenzodioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated-dibenzofurans (PCDFs) have produced adverse reproductive effects including congenital malformations and fetal lethality. In humans, the situation is less clear as can be seen by the Ranch Hand Study Group which consisted of Vietnam war veterans exposed to Agent Orange, a military defoliant used in South Vietnam. The neonatal death rate was reported to be significantly increased from the death rate prior to the application of this substance in Southeast Asia. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) however, was unable to uncover any striking findings regarding veterans fathering babies with serious congenital malformations.
Levels of PCDDs/PCDFs in waste incineration ash of some Jordanian hospitals using GC/MS
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Sharif Arar, Mahmoud A. Alawi, Nisreen E. Al-Mikhi
Waste incineration is one of the main waste disposal strategies used in treating hospital waste in many countries. However, emission of combustion by-products like dioxins, furans, and heavy metals in fly- and bottom ash is inevitable and poses a serious environmental and public health concerns, where these accumulative pollutants can be transported and leached from landfills and dumping sites (Petrilik and Ryder 2005). The environmental impact of medical waste incinerators has become the subject of public concern. The main theme of incinerators is to develop a sustainable waste management by reducing volume and weight of non-avoidable and non-recyclable medical waste to be disposed, and to decrease its post depositional reactivity due to its inorganic and organic matter constituents (Mininni et al.2007). In this process, unintentional release of the toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs occurs, which have hormone-disrupting and carcinogenic properties (Van den Berg et al.2006). These PCDDs/PCDFs are deposited in the incinerator bottom ash which is a form of ash produced in incineration facilities. This material is discharged from the moving grate of municipal solid waste incinerators or fly ash at the top end of stack of the incinerators that was removed by special types of filters.
Veterinary utility of dried blood spots for detailed analysis of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Andreas F. Lehner, Lauren Stensen, Alan Zimmerman, Adam Bush, John Buchweitz
Organochlorine pesticides such as aldrin, dieldrin, DDT and its derivatives (4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane [4,4′-DDD] and 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [4,4′-DDE]), lindane, hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are of particular concern due to their highly bioaccumulative properties and toxicities (Chopra, et al 2011). These chemicals persist in nature, biomagnify in the food web, and impose toxic effects in marine and other organisms (El-Shahawi et al. 2010). The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) has issued recommendations aimed at restricting and eliminating highly dangerous, long-lasting chemicals, and of 21 listed chemicals, 14 are chlorinated pesticides (aldrin, chlordane, chlordecone, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, lindane and its alpha- and beta-isomers, mirex, pentachlorobenzene and toxaphene), with the remainder including PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOS-F) (Stockholm Convention Factsheet 2011).
A systematic review on biomonitoring of individuals living near or working at solid waste incinerator plants
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Laura Campo, Petra Bechtold, Lucia Borsari, Silvia Fustinoni
Waste incineration is a thermal process leading to the combustion of organic substances contained in waste material. Solid waste incinerators (SWIs) can treat both municipal (MSWI) and industrial/hospital hazardous waste (HSWI). Waste materials feeding the plant may be thus crude urban waste, residual from differentiated waste collection and treated or untreated waste from industrial processes or hospitals. As a consequence of the combustion process, emissions are spread into the environment containing both inorganic and organic substances, among which carbon oxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur and nitrogen oxides (SOX, NOX), soot, metal elements, and their oxides and salts, volatile organic compounds (VOC), dioxins [polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDFs), together PCDD/Fs)], polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particulate matter (PM) and ultrafine particles (World Health Organization 2007). These substances may be emitted as vapors (i.e. Hg, VOC, 2-, and 3-ring-PAHs) or adsorbed onto particulate matters; as such, they can be present as airborne pollutants and enter the human body through inhalation, or they can deposit on the ground. Ground contaminants can be directly ingested with contaminated food, that is vegetables or animals grown in the deposition area of the incineration plume, or with contaminated water, after dissolution by atmospheric precipitations and leaching into the groundwater.