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Animal Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are produced by industrial wastes and household garbage discharged into the environment, often contaminating fish. PCBs are synthetic organochlorine compounds previously used in industrial and commercial processes (18, 32). Dioxins, commonly referring to as dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, are organochlorine byproducts of waste incineration, pesticide production, paper bleaching, and production of polyvinyl chloride plastics. Manufacture and processing of PCBs was prohibited in 1977 and regulatory and industry efforts have reduced dioxin emissions by more than 90% since 1987 (32). Nevertheless, these contaminants persist for long periods in the environment, and thus remain in the environment, while levels are steadily declining. Dioxins and PCBs are both carcinogenic (see Chapter 8 of this book).
Monographs of Chemicals Not Used as Fragrances Per Se But Present as Allergens in Botanical Products Used as Fragrances
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Usnic acid, a lichen acid, is a yellow crystalline solid (www.thegoodscentscompany.com). It is a monobasic acid (dibenzofuran) that accumulates in lichens. In nature, usnic acid occurs in D- and L-stereoisomers. Usnic acids have antimicrobial properties against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa (3). These properties have led to their use in personal care products including deodorants, creams, toothpaste, mouthwash, and sunscreens, especially in Europe (13). They also are used in clothing dyes and funeral wreaths. The dye used in litmus paper is derived from lichens (14).
Environmental Exposures and Reproduction *
Published in Michele Kiely, Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology, 2019
Other toxicants may be found only under unusual conditions: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) found in dry cereal came from PCB-contaminated cardboard used for the boxes. Cooking oils contaminated with PCBs and dibenzofurans resulted in mass poisoning and reproductive effects in Taiwan.51 Several episodes of contamination of food products have resulted from the inappropriate use of fungicide-treated seed grain. Two recognized instances of contamination of diary products have occurred, one in Hawaii and one in Arkansas. In both cases, dairy cattle were given feed contaminated with heptachlor. This resulted in the contamination of dairy products and human milk with heptachlor epoxide, a metabolite of heptachlor. Mercury poisoning has resulted from bread made using fungicide-treated seed grain, in New Mexico52 and Iraq.53 High infant mortality and malformation rates were observed among offspring of women consuming bread made from hexachlorobenzene-treated seed grain in Turkey.54
Levels of PCDDs/PCDFs in waste incineration ash of some Jordanian hospitals using GC/MS
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Sharif Arar, Mahmoud A. Alawi, Nisreen E. Al-Mikhi
Waste incineration is one of the main waste disposal strategies used in treating hospital waste in many countries. However, emission of combustion by-products like dioxins, furans, and heavy metals in fly- and bottom ash is inevitable and poses a serious environmental and public health concerns, where these accumulative pollutants can be transported and leached from landfills and dumping sites (Petrilik and Ryder 2005). The environmental impact of medical waste incinerators has become the subject of public concern. The main theme of incinerators is to develop a sustainable waste management by reducing volume and weight of non-avoidable and non-recyclable medical waste to be disposed, and to decrease its post depositional reactivity due to its inorganic and organic matter constituents (Mininni et al.2007). In this process, unintentional release of the toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs occurs, which have hormone-disrupting and carcinogenic properties (Van den Berg et al.2006). These PCDDs/PCDFs are deposited in the incinerator bottom ash which is a form of ash produced in incineration facilities. This material is discharged from the moving grate of municipal solid waste incinerators or fly ash at the top end of stack of the incinerators that was removed by special types of filters.
Veterinary utility of dried blood spots for detailed analysis of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Andreas F. Lehner, Lauren Stensen, Alan Zimmerman, Adam Bush, John Buchweitz
Organochlorine pesticides such as aldrin, dieldrin, DDT and its derivatives (4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane [4,4′-DDD] and 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [4,4′-DDE]), lindane, hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are of particular concern due to their highly bioaccumulative properties and toxicities (Chopra, et al 2011). These chemicals persist in nature, biomagnify in the food web, and impose toxic effects in marine and other organisms (El-Shahawi et al. 2010). The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) has issued recommendations aimed at restricting and eliminating highly dangerous, long-lasting chemicals, and of 21 listed chemicals, 14 are chlorinated pesticides (aldrin, chlordane, chlordecone, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, lindane and its alpha- and beta-isomers, mirex, pentachlorobenzene and toxaphene), with the remainder including PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOS-F) (Stockholm Convention Factsheet 2011).
A systematic review on biomonitoring of individuals living near or working at solid waste incinerator plants
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Laura Campo, Petra Bechtold, Lucia Borsari, Silvia Fustinoni
Waste incineration is a thermal process leading to the combustion of organic substances contained in waste material. Solid waste incinerators (SWIs) can treat both municipal (MSWI) and industrial/hospital hazardous waste (HSWI). Waste materials feeding the plant may be thus crude urban waste, residual from differentiated waste collection and treated or untreated waste from industrial processes or hospitals. As a consequence of the combustion process, emissions are spread into the environment containing both inorganic and organic substances, among which carbon oxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur and nitrogen oxides (SOX, NOX), soot, metal elements, and their oxides and salts, volatile organic compounds (VOC), dioxins [polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDFs), together PCDD/Fs)], polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particulate matter (PM) and ultrafine particles (World Health Organization 2007). These substances may be emitted as vapors (i.e. Hg, VOC, 2-, and 3-ring-PAHs) or adsorbed onto particulate matters; as such, they can be present as airborne pollutants and enter the human body through inhalation, or they can deposit on the ground. Ground contaminants can be directly ingested with contaminated food, that is vegetables or animals grown in the deposition area of the incineration plume, or with contaminated water, after dissolution by atmospheric precipitations and leaching into the groundwater.