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Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Several triterpenes (examples in Figure 1.6) have been reported to have nutraceutical properties. These compounds include plant sterols; however, some of these structures may have been modified to contain fewer than 30 carbons. One of the most recognizable triterpene families is the limonoids. These triterpenes are found in citrus fruit and impart most of their bitter flavor. Limonin and nomilin are two triterpenoids that may have nutraceutical application, limonin more so than nomilin.20 Both of these molecules contain a furan component. In citrus fruit, limonoids can also be found with an attached glucose, forming a limonoid glycoside.21 As discussed above, the addition of the sugar group reduces the bitter taste tremendously and makes the molecule more water soluble. These properties may make it more attractive as a functional food ingredient. Saponins are also triterpene derivatives, and their nutraceutical potential is attracting interest.22,23
Formaldehyde
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Furfural is an important renewable, nonpetroleum-based, chemical feedstock. Hydrogenation of furfural provides furfuryl alcohol (FA), which is a useful chemical intermediate and which may be further hydrogenated to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA). THFA is used as a nonhazardous solvent in agricultural formulations and as an adjuvant to help herbicides penetrate the leaf structure. Furfural is used to make other furan chemicals, such as furoic acid via oxidation1 and furan itself via palladium-catalyzed vapor-phase decarbonylation2. Furfural is also an important chemical solvent.
In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation of Metabolic Rate Constants for Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models
Published in John C. Lipscomb, Edward V. Ohanian, Toxicokinetics and Risk Assessment, 2016
The kinetic data from hepatocytes were extrapolated to whole animals based on cell number and used along with physiological parameters from the literature to develop PBPK models for furan in rats, mice, and humans (65,74). Simulation of inhalation exposure to 10 ppm furan for 4 hours indicated significant species differences in the amount of furan absorbed. The absorbed dose of furan (mg/kg; inhaled minus exhaled divided by body weight) and the integrated exposure of the liver to the toxic metabolite were approximately 3.5- and 10-fold greater in rats and mice, respectively, than in humans following the same inhalation exposure. The reason for this species difference is that humans are larger and physiologically slower than mice or rats (75). The volatile toxicant furan is metered into the blood stream via the breathing rate and distributed throughout the organism at rates that are a function of body size. Thus, the inhalation exposure concentration of a toxicant is clearly not an appropriate measure of the dose to the organism. In the case of furan, comparing the absorbed dose (mg/kg) or the target organ (liver) exposure to the toxic metabolite among species is more appropriate. These concepts should be applied when assessing interspecies differences to inhaled toxicants, particularly when animal data are used to estimate human health risks from chemical exposure.
Exploration of the cellular effects of the high-dose, long-term exposure to coffee roasting product furan and its by-product cis-2-butene-1,4-dial on human and rat hepatocytes
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
João S. Teodoro, Rui Silva, António Aguiar, Abílio J. F. N. Sobral, Anabela P. Rolo, Carlos M. Palmeira
Furan (C4H4O, CAS-Nr. 110-00-9) is a colorless, heterocyclic aromatic volatile compound, consisting of a five-membered aromatic ring with four carbons and one oxygen atom. It has synthesis applications in many industries, such as nylon, insecticides, and pharmaceuticals, to name a few (Webster et al. 2016).