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Semiconductor Detectors
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
In order for semiconductor materials to meet the demands for -spectrometers, larger detector volumes were required; alternatively, the detector must be based on a material with higher mass-density and/or Z number. The two main disadvantages of using Si as material in γ-spectrometers are that high resistivity Si is not easily available and the combination of low mass-density and low atomic number does not favour the material to be used for γ-spectrometry at energies above some tens of keV. Germanium was a far better alternative, but impurity concentrations were still too high in the mid-1960s, even in several times re-crystalized (zone-refined) material. The first use of germanium as a radiation detector appeared in a report by McKay [5] where a surface barrier pn-junction was used to observe counts from a polonium alpha emitter. The detector was, however, too small to be used for γ-rays.
Inhalation Toxicity of Metal Particles and Vapors
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Germanium tetrachloride is a strong irritant of the respiratory system, possibly because of easy hydrolysis producing HCl. In mice, the inhalation of high concentrations of GeCl4 produced changes in the respiratory system, including necrosis of the tracheal mucosa, bronchitis, and interstitial pneumonia. There is no information on local effects of germanium compounds in the respiratory system in man. Exposure to germanium is not considered an industrial hazard, nor has it been implicated in any chronic diseases of humans.
Organotin Chemistry
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
The fourth-group elements fall into a 1:2:2 progression beginning with the nonmetal carbon, the archetypal covalent-bond former and the basis for the organic world, silicon, the basis for the mineral world, which together with germanium constitute the group-IV metalloids, and tin and lead which are normal metals. No organometallic compounds of germanium, tin, or lead have yet proved suitable for medicinal use,65,72 but many are bioactive.
Successful management of germanium poisoning-induced multiple organ dysfunctions by combined blood purification therapy
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2020
Luyun Wang, Changlong Zheng, Daqiang Zhao
Germanium (Ge) is one of the ultratrace elements in living organisms with an atomic weight of 76, naturally occurring in food at very low concentrations1. In the 1980s, organic germanium compounds were used as a health elixir due to their anti-tumor effect2 and immunomodulative activity3. However, germanium poisoning has been reported in individuals with long-term intake of germanium compounds4–8. According to the review by Tao et al., the most common symptoms of germanium poisoning include weight loss, fatigue, gastrointestinal disturbances, anemia, muscle weakness, and renal failure. Some severe cases are even lethal9.
Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two strontium ranelate formulations after single oral administration in healthy Chinese subjects
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Dan Zhang, Aihua Du, Xiaolin Wang, Lina Zhang, Man Yang, Jingyi Ma, Ming Deng, Huichen Liu
Strontium ranelate (purity 98.0%, Lot No. 18-SSR-98-1) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (North York, Canada). The internal standard (IS) stock solution of germanium (Ge, 1000 μg/mL, unique No. 12506) was purchased from National Center of Analysis and Testing for Nonferrous Metals and Electronic Materials (Beijing, China). Nitric acid (HNO3, extra-pure BV-III grade, 70.0 ± 1.0%, Lot No. 120318) purchased from Beijing Institute of Chemical Regent (Beijing, China) and distilled water purchased from Guangzhou Watson’s Food & Beverage Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China) were used without further purification.