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Experimental Lung Carcinogenesis by Intratracheal Instillation
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Similarly to chromium compounds, cadmium is well known to be carcinogenic when it is injected parenterally (IARC, 1976). However, carcinogenic data from IT instillation or inhalation are limited. Sanders and Mahaffy (1983) examined the carcinogenic effects of low doses of cadmium oxide after single or multiple IT instillation. They found that cadmium oxide was not carcinogenic in the lung of rats. Recently, Pott et al. (1986) demonstrated a high incidence of lung tumors in rats by IT instillation of cadmium sulfide (a total dose, 0.63-50 mg). In the same series of experiments, Pott et al. examined carcinogenic effects of instilled cadmium chloride (maximal total dose, 135 μg/rat), and cadmium oxide (maximal total dose, 135 μg/rat) in rats. They found 6.4-7.5% incidences of lung tumor in about 40 rats. Adenomas, adenocarcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas occurred in rats exposed to these cadmium compounds.
Respiratory Effects
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Kazantzis et al.49 reported obstructive lung changes in workers handling cadmium pigment. The men (n = 13) had been exposed to a variety of cadmium compounds of which cadmium sulfide-based pigments were by far the most abundant. In addition to cadmium sulfide, the compounds included cadmium selenosulfide, cadmium zinc sulfide, cadmium carbonate, cadmium hydroxide, and cadmium oxide dust and fumes. Out of six men engaged in the manufacture of cadmium pigments for 25 years or more, three had mild respiratory symptoms and showed slight, but definite, impairment of ventilatory function with a low FEV,1.0 (forced expiratory volume, 1 sec) percentage (56 to 61%) and a high time constant (1.08 to 1.38 sec). Chest X-rays were, however, normal. It was mentioned that a fourth man (not included in the study) had died at the age of 46 from respiratory insufficiency and right-sided heart failure due to emphysema. It was concluded that obstructive lung changes were caused by exposure to cadmium. Among the other seven workers, with less than 15 years of exposure, there was no evidence of pulmonary damage. There were no data on exposure levels in the report.
Cadmium: Uses, Occurrence, and Intake
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Cadmium pigments, mainly cadmium sulfide and cadmium sulfoselenide, with colors from yellow to deep red, are used in various types of products, especially plastics, ceramics, and paints. About 60 to 80% of all cadmium pigments produced today is used in the coloring of plastics. The advantages of cadmium pigments are high temperature tolerance and stability to light.42 Certain other compounds, mainly cadmium stearate, are used as stabilizers in plastics, especially in PVC. Cadmium stabilizers inhibit the deterioration processes which take place within the plastic, and which may lead to darkening, hardening, and embrittlement. In rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, cadmium hydroxide constitutes one of the electrodes, and nickel hydroxide the other. In larger cells, an alkaline electrolyte is usually employed. Formerly, production was concentrated on the larger cells used in, e.g., aircrafts and locomotives and for lighting and telephone systems. Recently, small cadmium batteries have been developed for use in different types of portable electronic equipment, such as calculators, flashlights, etc. At present, there is a rapidly growing market for small rechargeable cadmium batteries.
Some data on the comparative and combined toxic activity of nanoparticles containing lead and cadmium with special attention to their vasotoxicity
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Marina P. Sutunkova, Ilzira A. Minigalieva, Svetlana V. Klinova, Vladimir G. Panov, Vladimir B. Gurvich, Larisa I. Privalova, Renata R. Sakhautdinova, Vladimir Ya. Shur, Ekaterina V. Shishkina, Tatiana N. Shtin, Julia V. Riabova, Boris A. Katsnelson
Although the subject of the present paper is not the impact of lead and cadmium on the myocardium, the obvious functional association between vaso- and cardio-toxic effects makes it worth mentioning also the first and, to the best of our knowledge, thus far the only experimental study into the cardio-nanotoxicity of these metals in vitro (Panov et al. 2020). In that experiment, spherical NPs of cadmium and lead sulfides (diameter 37.0 ± 5.0 and 24.0 ± 4.0 nm, respectively) were found to be cytotoxic for HL-1 cardiomyocytes as evidenced by decreased adenosine triphosphate–dependent luminescence. Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS-NP) produced a much greater cytotoxic impact than lead sulfide ones (PbS-NP). Besides, in the same dose range, CdS-NPs reduced the number of calcium spikes while PbS-NPs produced a similar effect at lower doses. Also, while certain CdS-NP and PbS-NP doses were found to cause cell hypertrophy, we identified also doses causing cardiomyocyte size reduction. These three outcomes were represented either by monotonic dose–response relationships well approximated by the hyperbolic function or by non-monotonic ones in different variants, for which we found adequate mathematical expressions by modifying certain models of hormesis available in the literature. Data analysis using a response surface linear model with a cross-term provided new support to the previously established diversity of types of joint action characteristic of one and the same pair of damaging agents, thus contributing to one of the important postulates of the general theory of combined toxicity.
Addressing the challenges to increase the efficiency of translating nanomedicine formulations to patients
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Sourav Bhattacharjee, David J. Brayden
The shape of the NPs also influences intra-tumoral penetration. Despite similar hydrodynamic diameters of 33–35 nm, PEGylated cadmium selenide/cadmium sulfide (CdSe/CdS) nanorods (54 × 15 nm2) showed higher penetration in a SCID mouse backpack tumor model with an orthotopic E0771 mammary tumor than spherical counterparts [57]. Similar observations were also made while comparing dextran-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoworms (5 × 15 nm2, hydrodynamic size 65 nm) with disc-shaped PLGA particles (d × h = 80 × 320 nm2) [58], where improved permeation was seen with the former. A better distribution of aspherical NPs in tumors can be attributed to enhanced extravasation through vascular pores via the shortest dimension.
Nanotechnology for the development of new cosmetic formulations
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Ana Cláudia Santos, Francisca Morais, Ana Simões, Irina Pereira, Joana A. D. Sequeira, Miguel Pereira-Silva, Francisco Veiga, António Ribeiro
NPs can be used in dental care formulations in order to minimize invasive procedures. Malarkodi et al. [102] described the synthesis of zinc sulfide (ZnS) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) NPs with antimicrobial activity to pathogens responsible for dental disorders like Candida albicans, Streptococcus sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Staphylococcus sp. In the synthesis of these NPs, it was used as a reducing agent, Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterial culture supernatant which reduced sulphate into sulphide and was also responsible for NPs stabilization. These findings suggested the incorporation of these NPs in dental devices, mainly due to its biocompatibility, green manufacturing methods and non-toxicity.