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Future Perspectives
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
Nanotechnology for the delivery of drugs and supplements. Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on a near-atomic scale to produce new structures, materials, and devices. It is generally defined as engineered structures, devices, and systems. Nanomaterials are defined as those things that have a length scale between 1 and 100 nanometers.
Application of Viral Nanomaterials in Medicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Sudhakar Pola, Dhanalakshmi Padi
Various kinds of nanomaterials are in use; mostly they are synthetic materials and natural bio-nano materials. Natural bio-nanomaterials are viral nanoparticles (VNPs) and virus-like particles (VLPs), whereas synthetic nanomaterials are differentiated according to their chemical and physical properties, such as carbonic, metals, and metal oxides (Yildiz et al. 2011). In cancer treatments and gene therapies, viral nanomaterials are mostly used and have a high success rate when compared to the synthetic nanomaterials. Viral nanomaterials are target specific and can deliver the drugs to the site. Therefore, viral nanotechnology is one of the advanced technologies in treating the cancer.
Translational Challenges
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
Bárbara Rocha, Nelson Pacheco Rocha, Bruno Gago
The medical application of nanomaterials contributes to the development of drug delivery systems both on the pharmaceutical and medical technology level. While out of the scope of the book, the field of nanomaterial in the medical device sector evidences how compliance with the regulatory obligations is fundamental to cross the valley of death when bringing new technologies to the patient bedside.
Assessing regulated cell death modalities as an efficient tool for in vitro nanotoxicity screening: a review
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2023
Anton Tkachenko, Anatolii Onishchenko, Valeriy Myasoedov, Svetlana Yefimova, Ondrej Havranek
A tremendous increase in nanomedicine studies over the last two decades has resulted in a great interest in developing methods to assess the toxicity of nanomaterials. The safety and biocompatibility of nanostructured materials are studied by nanotoxicology (Zielińska et al. 2020; Pumera 2011). Despite a rapid progress in the field, nanotoxicology faces a wide spectrum of challenges. The development of universal protocols in nanotoxicology is challenging due to a large number of factors that may affect the toxic effects of nanomaterials. Moreover, nanosized structures are extremely heterogenous in their chemical nature, structure, physicochemical properties, and size (Chen 2022). All these factors are absolutely critical for their interaction with cells and tissues and determine nanomaterials biological effects, their distribution in the body, entry routes, and their intraorganismal modifications (also possibly affecting their toxicity-mediating characteristics) (Fu et al. 2013).
Critical design parameters to develop biomimetic organ-on-a-chip models for the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of nanoparticles
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Mahmoud Abdelkarim, Luis Perez-Davalos, Yasmin Abdelkader, Amr Abostait, Hagar I. Labouta
One category of novel therapies that faces the faces the evaluation challenges, mentioned in table 1, is nanotherapeutics. Nanomaterials are materials that have at least one dimension on the nanoscale. They exist in different forms and various chemical compositions, such as carbon nanotubes or polymeric NPs. Nanoscale materials possess unique properties that differ from their macroscale counterparts. Many of these properties are size-dependent; at the nanoscale, there could be changes in solubility, melting point, color, catalytic activity, and many other thermal, electronic, and mechanical properties [14]. These different physical and chemical properties at the nanoscale could be attributed to several reasons. Primarily is the high surface-to-volume ratio, which means a large proportion of surface atoms relative to core atoms that result in higher surface energy. In addition, there is a spatial confinement that leads to distinct quantum behavior, and there is a reduction in imperfections [15]. Harnessing the novel properties of nanoscale materials is of substantial scientific and industrial importance, which led to their incorporation in many products, from electronics to cosmetics and food [16].
Green synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles from Pholiota adiposa and their anticancer effects on hepatic carcinoma
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Zhongwei Yang, Zijing Liu, Junmo Zhu, Jie Xu, Youwei Pu, Yixi Bao
Recently, there has been a substantial increase in the application of nanomaterials in medicine. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) optical, plasma resonance, and bioconjugation properties may facilitate enhanced stability and allow AuNPs to easily integrate with biological molecules (Liu et al., 2019). Therefore, AuNPs are being extensively applied to many fields within the biomedical industry (El-Sayed et al., 2005; Bagheri et al., 2018). Besides, AuNPs have also emerged as a useful tool in the field of diagnosis and cancer treatment (El-Sayed et al., 2005; Bagheri et al., 2018; Khan & Khan, 2018). Nevertheless, when physical or chemical methods were employed for the synthesis of nanoparticles, the resulting nanoparticles were demonstrated to possess low efficiency and toxic side effects. Thus, the development of newer methods to synthesize the nanoparticles with minimal toxic side effects is highly in demand.