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Quick Methods: Structure-Activity Relationships and Short-Term Bioassay
Published in Samuel C. Morris, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
An ideal example is a detective story with a gratifying ending (Mermelstein et al., 1982). Extracts of xerographic copies were found to be mutagenic in the Ames test. The source of the mutagenicity was traced to a toner, and then to a specific type of carbon black used in the toner. Repeated chemical fractionation combined with Ames testing of the fractions identified a neutral polar fraction containing only 3% of the mass but 85% of the mutagenicity. The particular compounds responsible for most of this were identified as 1,6- and 1,8-dinitropyrene. The manufacturer of the carbon black was able to reduce the amount of nitropyrenes, and copies made with toners using the modified carbon black did not test as mutagenic.
Ecotoxicology of Nanoparticles
Published in Suresh C. Pillai, Yvonne Lang, Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 2019
In addition to deliberately manufactured nanomaterials, other nanomaterials can be produced incidentally as a result of other processes; for example, soot or carbon black often produced as a result of the partial combustion of fossil fuels can fall within the definition of nanomaterials (Nowack & Bucheli, 2007). This chapter focuses on anthropogenic nanomaterials, both metallic and carbon-based.
Nanocarrier-Based Formulations: Production and Cosmeceutic Applications
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
D. Knoth, R. Eckert, V. Farida, P. Stahr, S. Hartmann, F. Stumpf, O. Pelikh, C.M. Keck
The use of nanoparticles in cosmetics started before ‘nanotechnology’ was even invented. For example, carbon black is a colourant that is used in mascara and other decorative products such as eyeliners, eye pencils and eye shadows. It possesses particle sizes in the nanometer range and has been used in cosmetic products for more than 80 years [Katz et al., 2015; Nafisi and Maibach, 2017; Mihranyan et al., 2012]. The word ‘nanotechnology’ was conceived by Japan’s Norio Taniguchi in 1974 [Taniguchi, 1974], and both science and technology in this field have developed tremendously since then [Florence, 2007; Forrest and Kwon, 2008; Park, 2007].
Assessment of primary and inflammation-driven genotoxicity of carbon black nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Emilio Di Ianni, Peter Møller, Tanya Cholakova, Henrik Wolff, Nicklas Raun Jacobsen, Ulla Vogel
Carbon black (CB) consists of elemental carbon in the form of particles that are produced industrially by highly controlled partial combustion, or thermal decomposition, of gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons. CB particles are poorly soluble, and the commercially available grades of CB differ in particle size, surface area, average aggregate mass, content of poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), morphology, and structure (IARC 2010). Potential health effects of CB nanoparticles (CBNPs) have been investigated extensively in cell and laboratory animal experiments, as well as in epidemiological studies of CB production workers (Sorahan and Harrington 2007; Morfeld et al. 2016; Dell et al. 2015; Morfeld and McCunney 2007; Ramanakumar et al. 2008; Greene et al. 1979; Straif et al. 2000). CBNPs have been used as a benchmark material for in vivo toxicological evaluation of diesel exhaust particles and urban air particulate matter, and included as reference material (i.e. Printex 90) in studies of different nanomaterials (Saber, Jacobsen, et al. 2012; Wallin et al. 2017; Poulsen et al. 2017; Knudsen et al. 2019; Danielsen, Bendtsen et al. 2020; Barfod et al. 2020; Bengtson et al. 2017, Bendtsen et al. 2019, Bendtsen et al. 2020).
Grouping of carbonaceous nanomaterials based on association of patterns of inflammatory markers in BAL fluid with adverse outcomes in lungs
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Naveena Yanamala, Ishika C. Desai, William Miller, Vamsi K. Kodali, Girija Syamlal, Jenny R. Roberts, Aaron D. Erdely
To identify clusters of carbonaceous nanomaterials with similar inflammatory responses, a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed in BAL fluid proteins at 24 h and 28 d post-exposure to various MWCNTs, graphenes, and their derivatives. This analysis also included responses upon exposure to carbon black (CB). RStudio (RCoreTeam 2014) was used to perform a hierarchical clustering analysis of the samples respective to protein exposure and time point in BAL fluid from mice exposed to various nanomaterials. This was done using hclust() function in R via Euclidean distance similarity between samples, and by utilizing ward.D2 linkage between members of the clusters. Merging this information allowed for the creation of heat maps, with shades of colors corresponding to relative expression levels of the proteins at each time point and exposure level. The heat maps and clusters were created using package heatmap for R (RCoreTeam, 2014).
Evaluating the evidence on genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity of carbon black: a critical review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2018
Ishrat Chaudhuri, Claudia Fruijtier-Pölloth, Yufanyi Ngiewih, Len Levy
Carbon black [CAS. No. 1333-86-4] is elemental carbon in the form of particles that are produced industrially by the partial combustion or thermal decomposition of gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons under controlled conditions. Commercially available grades of carbon black differ in particle size, surface area, average aggregate mass, morphology, or structure. Potential health effects of carbon black have been investigated extensively in laboratory animal experiments and in epidemiological studies of carbon black production workers. The main health concerns associated with carbon black and other poorly soluble, low-toxicity (PSLT) particles are lung effects resulting from inhalation exposure. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 2010) proposed an overall mode of action for carbon black toxicity in rat lungs. Particle deposition above certain concentrations in the rat lungs may lead to a phenomenon known as “lung overload”, which in turn leads to sustained inflammation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), depletion of antioxidants and/or impairment of other defense mechanisms, cell proliferation, and gene mutations. These changes in the rat lung can lead to the induction of alveogenic tumors. Similar tumors have not been observed in mouse or hamster lungs.