China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The New Zealand Case-Control Studies of Asthma Deaths and Fenoterol: Interpretation and Clinical and Drug Regulatory Implications
Published in Richard Beasley, Neil E. Pearce, The Role of Beta Receptor Agonist Therapy in Asthma Mortality, 2020
The overall conclusion was that the use of beta agonists by MDI was associated with an increased risk of death from asthma and of combined death or near-death from asthma. For deaths the use of fenoterol gave an OR of 5.4 per dose compared with 2.4 per dose for albuterol. Because the single dose of fenoterol was 200 μg compared with 100 μg for albuterol, the risks are thus similar on an equivalent weight basis.
Hair Styling/Fixative Products
Published in Dale H. Johnson, Hair and Hair Care, 2018
Joseph A. Dallal, Colleen M. Rocafort
Calculations for percent neutralization: Parts by weight (g) of base required = A × B × C × D/1000 where A = parts by weight (g) of resin solids used; B = Acidity (mEq/g); C = equivalent weight of the base; and D = % neutralization required (in decimal). Typical neutralization levels for various polymers are listed in Table 27 for your reference.
Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Introduction, Definitions and Regulatory Issues
Published in Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell, Nutritional Ergogenic Aids, 2004
Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell
Findings from this crude analysis mean that study quality has limited previous conclusions of authors and reviewers investigating Asian ginseng ergogenicity. Conclusions of previous reviews were based on studies not finding significant changes having equivalent weight. It is now evident that many studies on Asian ginseng may have not found any evidence of efficacy (Type II statistical error) for two simple reasons: 1) low statistical power (from low subject number); and 2) insufficient duration. If studies with low subject numbers and shorter durations are given less weight, then a majority of studies (31/42, 74%) support some ergogenic effects from standardized Asian ginseng.
Design of novel therapeutics targeting the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) to aid weight loss
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
However, it is not inconceivable that there is a significant species difference in the role of the GIPR in body weight regulation, and GIP plays little role in appetite regulation in humans. Instead, the beneficial effects of tirzepatide and AMG133 above that observed with semaglutide in man could be due to other characteristics. Tirzepatide exhibits bias at the GLP-1 receptor to favor Gα recruitment and subsequent cAMP generation over β-arrestin recruitment [62]. Biased GLP-1 R agonists have been shown to provide glycemic benefits over non-biased counterparts in both in vitro and in vivo models [63]. While equivalent weight loss has been shown for both biased and non-biased agents in preclinical models [64], this is yet to be confirmed in man. Thus, as suggested by Holst, it could be the case that tirzepatide is simply acting as a biased GLP-1 R agonist [65]. Equally, the breakthrough weight loss observed with AMG133 could be through increased stability, as antibody therapeutics have extended half-lives [53].
Effect of PEGylation on drug uptake, biodistribution, and tissue toxicity of efavirenz–ritonavir loaded PAMAM G4 dendrimers
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Rohini Kharwade, Nilesh Mahajan, Sachin More, Amol Warokar, Sachin Mendhi, Akshay Dhobley, Devendra Palve
A well-established MTT assay was performed to determine the cytotoxic concentration of the drug and formulations. H9 cells (Human CD4, NCCS Pune, Pune, India) were cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and antimycotic (50 μg/L). One hundred microliters of 10% RPMI was added to the 96 wells of the flat-bottom tissue culture plates (Corning Incorporate, Corning, NY) (Sadekar and Ghandehari 2012). Further, 200 μL of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 µg/ml EFV–RTV (4:1 w/w), PG4, PPG4, the equivalent weight of mentioned concentration of EFV–RTV in 4:1 w/w of PG4ER and PPG4ER of were added to the respective column of each row. The standard sample wells and control sample wells were incubated with 5 µg/ml of 5FU and 0.2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), respectively. H9 cell suspension (100 μL; 1 × 104 cells/ml) was added to each well and mixed thoroughly. The plate was incubated at 37 °C for five days in a CO2 incubator (Thermo Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA). Additionally, each well of the plate received 20 μL of MTT (5 mg/ml) before 24 h of the completion of incubation. Incubation was continued until the completion of five days. Subsequently, the medium was then taken out and 100 μl of DMSO was added to dissolve the formazan crystals. Optical density was measured at 550 nm using a plate reader (Benesphera E21, Center Valley, PA) and % cell viability was expressed (Najlah et al. 2007, 2017).
The use of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes to improve anticancer drug profiles: a systematic review
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Sathiyabama Rajiv Gandhi, Jullyana De Souza Siqueira Quintans, Gopalsamy Rajiv Gandhi, Adriano Antunes De Souza Araújo, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior
CD-inclusion complexes with active constituents have been extensively investigated in pre-clinical trials because of their exceptional pharmaceutical properties, including their stability and ability to produce therapeutic effects in biological systems at low doses. The use of CDs in inclusion complexes with bioactive compounds has been widely investigated in diverse applications to attempt to improve the solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability of certain substances. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved pharmaceutical formulations containing CD-inclusion complexes with both natural and synthetic substances, which have been recognized to be safe and efficient replacements for conventional-free drug formulations. Therefore, therapeutic approaches based on the novel concept of CDs can boost physicochemical stability, extend drug shelf life, help to target the tumor site only without damaging normal tissue, maintain the time profile of drugs, diminish or remove unpleasant aroma and taste, avoid drug-drug or drug-excipient interactions, and modify liquid drugs into microcrystalline or amorphous powders. It is necessary to test the drug in the complexed and non-complexed forms using the same quantity or equivalent weight to assess the therapeutic effect of substances complexed with CDs.