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Congestive Heart Failure
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
On ECG, there is usually the voltage criteria for LV hypertrophy. Extremely deep septal Q waves are often present along with asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may produce a QRS complex in V1 and V2 that simulates an earlier septal infarction. There are usually abnormal T waves. Usually, there is a deep symmetric T-wave inversion. An ST-segment depression is common – especially with the apical obliterative subtype. The P wave is usually broad and notched. A biphasic P wave may indicate left atrial hypertrophy. There is increased incidence of a preexcitation phenomenon that is of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome type that can cause palpitations. Bundle branch block is often seen. The 2-D Doppler echocardiography technique can determine the severity of hypertrophy and the amount of outflow tract obstruction, which are used to monitor effects of medical or surgical treatments. Cardiac catheterization is performed if invasive therapy is being considered. There is usually no significant stenosis of the coronary arteries. However, older patients may also have CAD. Genetic biomarkers do not identify people at high risk or affect treatment, though genetic testing may help in the screening of family members.
Introduction
Published in Arwa Ahmed Gasm Elseid, Alnazier Osman Mohammed Hamza, Computer-Aided Glaucoma Diagnosis System, 2020
Arwa Ahmed Gasm Elseid, Alnazier Osman Mohammed Hamza
The computer-aided detection (CAD) or computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) is the computer software or application that helps doctors to take decisions swiftly (Doi, 2017), (Li and Nishikawa, 2015). Medical imaging contains data in images evaluated by doctors to analyze abnormality and diagnose diseases. Analysis of imaging in the medical field is a very important approach because imaging is the basic modality to diagnose diseases at the earliest opportunity, and image acquisition is almost always an external operation that does not cause harm. Imaging techniques like MRI, X-ray, endoscopy, ultrasound, etc., if acquired with high energy will provide a good-quality image, but they will harm the human body; however, images that are taken with less energy will sometimes be poor in quality and have a low contrast. CAD systems are used to improve the image quality, helping to detect the medical image’s abnormality correctly and diagnose different diseases (Chen et al., 2013). Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) technology includes multiple science aspects, such as artificial intelligence (AI), computer vision, and medical image processing. The main application of CAD systems is in finding abnormalities in the human body and diagnosing diseases as a second opinion. For example, the detection of tumors is a typical application because if they are diagnosed early in basic screening, it will help prevent the spread of cancer (Giger, 2000).
Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Lung Nodules: Systems for Estimation of Lung Cancer Probability and False-Positive Reduction of Lung Nodule Detection
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Lung Imaging and CADx, 2019
Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) refers to software that helps clinicians diagnose disease, and CAD goes beyond just image processing to provide specific information about the disease [7-34]. Roughly, CAD is divided into the following two types: (1) the software that detects lesions (CADe, or computer-aided detection) and (2) the software that classifies lesions (CADx, or computer-aided diagnosis). Because the appearance of lung nodules varies according to its type, detection of lung nodules on CT images and estimation of lung cancer probability for detected lung nodules have become major challenges, often involving methodologies of various levels. CAD has the potential to optimize clinicians' workload, and CADe and CADx of lung nodules can make radiologists' evaluation efficient and effective. For example, a previous study showed that, as a second reader, CADe might be useful for the detection of missed lung cancers in CT screening by assisting radiologists in the interpretation of CT images [35]. As suggested in CADe, it is expected that CADx will be useful for reducing false positives in lung cancer CT screening.
Telemedicine beyond the pandemic: challenges in the pediatric immunology clinic
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Aarti Pandya, Sonya Parashar, Morgan Waller, Jay Portnoy
The combination of telemedicine augmented by remote monitoring with EMRs makes it possible to envision the advent of computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD). This technology uses artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms to analyze medical information including images, clinical and physiologic data, test results and remotely obtained information to support healthcare providers in making accurate diagnoses. They use algorithms to identify patterns and relationships that are indicative of specific diseases or conditions. The technology can then provide healthcare providers with a list of potential diagnoses and recommendations for further testing or treatment. By analyzing vast amounts of data and recognizing patterns that may be difficult for a human to detect, CAD systems can provide a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of a patient’s condition.
Current and future therapeutic approaches for osteosarcoma
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2018
Douglas J. Harrison, David S. Geller, Jonathan D. Gill, Valerae O. Lewis, Richard Gorlick
Computer-assisted tumor surgery (CATS) is becoming increasingly important in the management of osteosarcoma. CATS utilizes intraoperative navigation to improve surgical accuracy and to avoid surgical errors. This technique acquires advanced imagery either pre- or intraoperatively and links it to the patient’s anatomy and navigation-registered instrumentation. The technique allows for enhanced understanding of where a given instrument is in space relative to the patient’s anatomy and permits the surgeon to adjust the instrument’s position, angle, and direction with a high degree of confidence [90–93]. Although in use for over a decade, they have evolved considerably since their inception and currently, there are a number of systems commercially available. Nevertheless, the software platforms available have primarily been designed for non-oncologic uses such as sinus surgery, spine instrumentation, and joint reconstruction. Currently, there is no commercially available platform that meets all of the software and hardware needs relevant to orthopedic oncology. Future software development will hopefully permit for the integration of computer-assisted design and drafting (CAD) systems, which would permit more complex and intricate surgical planning.
Coronary CT angiography: a guide to examination, interpretation, and clinical indications
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2021
Filippo Cademartiri, Giancarlo Casolo, Alberto Clemente, Sara Seitun, Cesare Mantini, Eduardo Bossone, Luca Saba, Nicola Sverzellati, Stefano Nistri, Bruna Punzo, Carlo Cavaliere, Ludovico La Grutta, Giovanni Gentile, Erica Maffei
The clinical landscape of CAD is changed. New recommendations are needed to address the approach to the diagnosis and prognosis of CAD. Obstructive disease may still represent a diagnostic and prognostic goal but far from being the only one and probably not as important as in the past. A new era is arising where the search for the obstructive disease is going to be replaced by that of atherosclerosis. Obstructive disease, representing only one of the manifestations will keep its importance and possible treatments but a much wider view will open a new therapeutic option to individuals who may not receive the correct therapy. This opportunity has proven nowadays to be more effective than the old stenosis-centric view that has accompanied our practice until recently.