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Biomaterials
Published in Manoj Ramachandran, Tom Nunn, Basic Orthopaedic Sciences, 2018
Subhamoy Chatterjee, John Stammers, Gordon Blunn
Stainless steel, cobalt chrome and titanium are alloys widely used in orthopaedic surgery; their composition, material properties, advantages and disadvantages are summarized in Table 18.1.
Hip and knee
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
Most of the implants available currently are made of cobalt- chrome alloy, but stainless steel and titanium are also used. Metal implants are able to withstand high loads, are relatively inert and can be manufactured easily. However, they do pose problems in terms of ion release if they are used as bearing surfaces. Also, corrosion can be a cause for concern if two dissimilar metals are used.
Reduction and Fixation of Sacroiliac joint Dislocation by the Combined Use of S1 Pedicle Screws and an Iliac Rod
Published in Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White, Advances in Spinal Fusion, 2003
Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White
For most HA-coated implants bearing significant loads, titanium alloys, cobalt-chrome alloys, or stainless steel are used. The mechanical properties differ between these different materials; for example, the elastic modulus of cobalt-chrome is higher than the elastic modulus of titanium alloy (Ti-6A1-4V). The biocompatibility of both titanium alloy implants and cobalt-chrome
Niosomal formulation for antibacterial applications
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Mehrnoush Mehrarya, Behnaz Gharehchelou, Samin Haghighi Poodeh, Elham Jamshidifar, Sara Karimifard, Bahareh Farasati Far, Iman Akbarzadeh, Alexander Seifalian
The treatment of various bone fractures and deformities has directly increased the use of orthopaedic metal implants which are made of titanium, stainless steel, and cobalt-chrome alloy [96]. However, sometimes the use of implants to restore or fix broken bones increases the risk of infection. The presence of microorganisms and the formation of biofilm, a three-dimensional structure on the surface of implants, not only trigger implant rejection but also increase wound healing time. In this case, S. aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis are the most important causative agents of this infection, creating 70% of implant-related infections. Various antibiotics, such as vancomycin, amoxicillin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and cephalothin, are generally used to treat Gram-positive and negative microorganisms [97].
Magnetic-resonance-imaging-based three-dimensional muscle reconstruction of hip abductor muscle volume in a person with a transfemoral bone-anchored prosthesis: A feasibility study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2019
Ruud A. Leijendekkers, Marco A. Marra, Marieke J.M. Ploegmakers, Gerben Van Hinte, Jan Paul Frölke, Hendrik Van De Meent, J. Bart Staal, Thomas J. Hoogeboom, Nico Verdonschot
A 70-year-old man (1.78 m) with a traumatic transfemoral amputation who underwent implantation of a cobalt–chrome–molybdenum endo-exo femoral prosthesis (EEFP) after 52 years of socket prosthesis use participated in this study. Body mass index (BMI) adjusted for limb loss (Osterkamp, 1995) was 28 kg/m2 at baseline and 30 kg/m2 at both follow-up times. In the residual limb, hip abductor strength reduced by 2.2% at 6-month follow-up compared to baseline and was comparable to baseline at 12-month follow-up. In the sound limb, hip abductor strength reduced by 13.6% and 16.6% compared to baseline at 6-month and 12-month follow-up, respectively. Walking distance in everyday life decreased by 50% at 6-month follow-up and increased by 400% at 12-month follow-up, compared to baseline. The participant reported severe low back pain at the 6-month follow-up from degenerative disc disease, which was treated successfully with an epidural steroid injection 10 months after the second surgery.
Hydroxyapatite as a biomaterial – a gift that keeps on giving
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Behrad Ghiasi, Yahya Sefidbakht, Sina Mozaffari-Jovin, Behnaz Gharehcheloo, Mehrnoush Mehrarya, Arash Khodadadi, Maryam Rezaei, Seyed Omid Ranaei Siadat, Vuk Uskoković
The aging population, the rate of accidents, fractures and organ transplants have directly increased the use of implants. Unlike scaffolds, which are biodegradable and are meant to be eventually substituted by the host tissue after the implantation, implants are devices that are usually used as permanent substitutes for various tissues in the body, in particular for the replacement of bones and teeth. Metallic implants made of titanium, stainless steel or cobalt-chrome alloys [104] have advantages such as good mechanical strength and hardness; however, their disadvantages include poor bioactivity and weak osseointegration [105]. One strategy to overcome these drawbacks of implants involves the addition of HA to enhance biocompatibility, bioactivity, osteoconductivity, and in some cases mimic the structure and chemical composition of bones [106–108]. Despite the fact that HA has many advantages, its main disadvantages as compacts are poor fracture toughness, low fatigue strength accompanied with a low Weibull modulus, poor creep resistance and brittleness, all of which limit its usage in load-bearing applications [109]. For example, Zaccaria et al. studied the use of HA ceramic implants for cranioplasty in children [110]. The HA ceramic facilitated the migration of osteoblasts due to its porous structure and higher density than bone, thereby improving new bone formation and integration of the implant, with an excellent mechanical stability in the host. However, even while satisfying these relatively high mechanical standards, the HA ceramic displayed some disadvantages, the most critical of which was proneness to fracture prior to full osseointegration if only a minor injury occurred. Therefore, although many investigators have used HA as the main or even sole component of implants, this approach is generally considered traditional and is surpassed by the use of composite forms [106].