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Biological Approaches
Published in Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski, Tara G. Matthews, Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, 2022
Tricia L. Chandler, Mary C. Hoke, Tara G. Matthews, Elizabeth Reyes-Fournier
Although chromium is a trace mineral, it has been shown to regulate blood sugar as well as lipid levels (Anderson, 1997). Chromium supplements have been shown to significantly reduce blood sugar levels and enhance high-density lipoprotein, thus protecting against the enhanced risk of individuals with SUDs developing type II diabetes.
The minerals
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
Early studies of chromium supplementation in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and type-2 diabetes (insulin resistant) suggested that these supplements did have measurable beneficial effects. More recent analyses do not support these earlier findings and there seems to be no case for widespread use of chromium-containing supplements. In a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Althuis et al. (2002) found no evidence of a significant effect of chromium supplements in healthy subjects and those with impaired glucose tolerance. Their analysis of trials with diabetic subjects did suggest that the supplements may have increased insulin responses but the subjects were almost all from a single Chinese trial, and they concluded that these results were inconclusive. High doses of permitted supplemental forms seem to have no harmful effects and this may be partly due to its poor absorption.
An Overview of Challenging Mountain and High Altitude Sports
Published in Datta Sourya, Debasis Bagchi, Extreme and Rare Sports, 2019
Information on trivalent chromium requirements for people who have almost no exercise or moderate exercise is not available at a very detailed level. Similarly, detailed studies on chromium requirement are not available for extreme sports athletes. It has been determined that adequate daily dietary intake of chromium for adults is 30–200 μg/d. However, there is a lack of a food composition database which makes it difficult to exactly determine the chromium requirement.
Pollution assessment and estimation of the percentages of toxic elements to be removed to make polluted drinking water safe: a case from Nigeria
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Johnbosco C. Egbueri, Daniel A. Ayejoto, Johnson C. Agbasi
Because of its insulin-like actions, chromium (Cr) has been identified as an essential nutrient. Enrichment of chromium in water resources is majorly linked with anthropogenic activities (Egbueri 2018, Egbueri and Mgbenu 2020). This suggests that it may play a function in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. Cr has been known to harm the bone marrow, spleen, and kidneys when exposed to high concentrations (WHO 1997). Furthermore, Cr exposure has been linked to carcinogenic consequences (Wang et al.2017). In humans, Cr-polluted water can induce non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic disorders, kidney and liver damage, gastrointestinal bleeding and cramping, and diarrhea (Sahoo and Khaoash 2020, Egbueri 2020b). The Cr concentration in the water resources was determined to be below the acceptable level of 0.05 mg/L in most of the samples (Table 1).
Chemical characterization of tobacco-free “modern” oral nicotine pouches and their position on the toxicant and risk continuums
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
David Azzopardi, Chuan Liu, James Murphy
Among the four NP variants tested, levels of 22 of the 26 compounds were too low to quantify, as compared with 22 of 25 for the lozenge NRT, 20 of 25 for the gum NRT, and 11 of 24 compounds for the snus. Notably, the two toxicants detected in the NPs (chromium and formaldehyde) were present at extremely low levels, close to the quantification limits. Formaldehyde, a mammalian metabolite (Restani and Galli 1991), is present in fruits, vegetables, dairy products, meat, fish and shellfish at levels of 1–100 mg/kg, with an average adult consuming between 1.5 and 14 mg/day (WHO, 2001). Based on the highest mean formaldehyde level of 1.1 mg/kg detected in Lyft Berry Frost, a pouch weight of 0.7 g, and ADC of 8.6 pouches per day, NPs would increase daily formaldehyde exposure by approximately 0.004 mg/day (assuming 58% extraction). Thus, the extremely low levels of formaldehyde in NPs are unlikely to represent a toxicological concern. Chromium, an IARC Group 1 carcinogen in its +6 oxidation state but a Group 3 compound in its +3 state, is also present in fruits, vegetables, grain products and meat; for example, a half-cup serving of broccoli contains approximately 11 µg of chromium (US National Institutes of Health (NIH) 2020), corresponding to approximately 40 times the amount of chromium that a NP user may be exposed to daily (i.e., 0.28 µg/day, assuming 8.6 pouches per day and using the worst-case single measurement of 0.08 mg/kg in Lyft Berry Frost).
Effect of zeolite on absorption and distribution of heavy metal concentrations in roots and shoots of wheat under soil contaminated with weapons
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Ali Azogh, Seyed Keyvan Marashi, Teimour Babaeinejad
Chrome is one of the most important elements in composition of war weapons. The risk of chromium contamination in the environment is due to the chromium oxidation situation. The six-position chromium is about 100–1000 times more toxic as compared to its three-position chromium (Nigam et al.2015). Chrome can easily pass through the cell wall. In this process, phosphates and sulfates act as carriers. It has been stated that chromium has a toxic effect on the growth and development of plants in germination, roots growth, stems, and leaves (Nagarajan and Ganesh 2014), reducing seed germination due to chromium stress caused by amylase enzyme activity (Kumar Sethy and Ghosh 2013). It has also been argued that the metabolic changes caused by chromium stress is due to the direct effect of this metal on the activity of enzymes, metabolites, or in the formation of oxidative stress, which leads to damage to cells (Nagarajan and Ganesh 2014). It is reported that exposure to chromium may cause the following health effects: lung cancer, irritation or damage to the nose, and irritation or damage to the eyes and skin (Jeyamala et al.2012).