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Ageing and justice in health
Published in Sridhar Venkatapuram, Alex Broadbent, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Public Health, 2023
Kebadu Mekonnen Gebremariam, Ritu Sadana
Country-specific information on the disease burden and interventions that can be effectively implemented at scale across age groups will help to identify what can be done. General conclusions can, however, be drawn using available information. For instance, a sufficientarian approach to health justice can guide our judgment about fair allocation of resources between age groups, and between birth cohorts, necessary for ensuring that everyone has enough. The particular form that the evaluation of fairness must adopt depends on the country-specific structure of inequalities between age groups, and where applicable, between birth cohorts. Health investments with respect to, for instance, an internally egalitarian birth cohort can be uniform and focused on health inequalities vis-à-vis other birth cohorts. Such shift in focus can be defended on LE as well as SE grounds. Considering the repugnance of existing inequalities in health, both globally and within countries, a vastly increased global investment that privileges individual wellbeing across all ages, rather than the current paradigm of economic growth (tracked by GDP), is required to have a decent chance of meeting a threshold status of health for all.
Improving health systems
Published in Michael Kidd, Cynthia Haq, Jan De Maeseneer, Jeffrey Markuns, Hernan Montenegro, Waris Qidwai, Igor Svab, Wim Van Lerberghe, Tiago Villanueva, Charles Boelen, Cynthia Haq, Vincent Hunt, Marc Rivo, Edward Shahady, Margaret Chan, The Contribution of Family Medicine to Improving Health Systems, 2020
Michael Kidd, Cynthia Haq, Jan De Maeseneer, Jeffrey Markuns, Hernan Montenegro, Waris Qidwai, Igor Svab, Wim Van Lerberghe, Tiago Villanueva, Charles Boelen, Cynthia Haq, Vincent Hunt, Marc Rivo, Edward Shahady, Margaret Chan
Disease patterns vary widely among countries, resulting in differing effects on health systems. Although mortality from communicable diseases has decreased over the past forty years in most countries, the rates of these largely preventable or inexpensively curable diseases are still high in low-income countries. For instance, in sub-Saharan Africa, approximately 70% of the disease burden is due to communicable diseases whereas these diseases account for only about 10% of the burden in industrialized countries. More than 36 million people are now living with HIV/AIDS, and more than 70% of HIV-positive individuals live in Africa.30 In high-income countries, noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular problems, cancer, and diabetes, predominate.11
Cipargamin: Biocatalysis in the Discovery and Development of an Antimalarial Drug
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Thomas Ruch, Elina Siirola, Radka Snajdrova
Malaria is a disease caused by single-celled parasitic microorganisms of the Plasmodium group that are transferred to humans by a bite of an infected female anopheles mosquito. According to the 2017 World Malaria report, 91 countries reported a total of 216 million cases of malaria in 2016, with 445,000 deaths reported. The major disease burden is in the sub-Saharan countries in Africa (90% of the cases and deaths). More than two thirds of the deaths occur in children under the age of five (WHO World Malaria Report, 2017).
Epistemic justice, African values and feedback of findings in African genomics research
Published in Global Bioethics, 2022
Cornelius Ewuoso, Ambroise Wonkam, Jantina de Vries
Research is equally required to increase our understanding of whether and how context can inform what finding is actionable and returnable (Wonkam & de Vries, 2020). Why is this important within the context of African genomics research? First, actionability tends to imply the availability of preventive measures. Yet many hospitals to which African participants have access are overburdened and/or under-resourced to manage diseases. Second, the concept equally entails the idea that participants will be able to pull resources together to act upon the communicated information. Yet, most genomic research studies in Africa occur in communities that are sometimes burdened by poverty. Third, actionability appears to rely on a list of reportable findings such as the one developed by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Yet disease burden in Africa tends to differ from those elsewhere. For instance, absent from the ACMG list are pathogenic mutations like sickle cell disease mutations that are common in some African populations.
Trends in health and disability in Botswana. An analysis of the global burden of disease study
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021
Jill Hanass-Hancock, Bradley Carpenter
We conducted a secondary analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study data exploring the change over time of years lived with disability during the period of global “treatment success” for major communicable diseases in Botswana. The Global Burden of Disease studies provide annual estimates of the global disease burden across countries, time, age, and sex. It is a tool that can be used to quantify health losses for hundreds of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. The data includes years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years for a diverse set of diseases and is collected and analysed by a consortium of more than 2300 researchers in more than 130 countries. We used the global, regional, and Botswana data to conduct a retrospective study and assess change in years lived with disability over time.
The CRISPR revolution and its potential impact on global health security
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Kyle E. Watters, Jesse Kirkpatrick, Megan J. Palmer, Gregory D. Koblentz
Diseases such as malaria, TB, and HIV are endemic across large regions of the world and are responsible for a disproportionate degree of the global health disease burden[1]. Additionally, influenza poses a perennial challenge that can be exacerbated by the emergence of a novel strain for which people do not have any preexisting immunity. Outbreaks of diseases that emerge suddenly and unexpectedly, such as Ebola or H1N1 influenza, have proven difficult to contain. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in China in 2019, and its rapid spread around the world, is a stark reminder of the risks posed by zoonotic diseases that are highly transmissible once they jump into human populations. Overall, the global health community lacks a comprehensive kit of diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic tools for mitigating the effects of these diseases.