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Risk factors – Treatable traits
Published in Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord, The Asthmas, 2023
Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord
Smoking is a chronic dependence disorder with a high relapse rate. It interacts with obstructive airway disease to increase the disease burden. The illness burden from smoking and asthma can be assessed by measuring smoking-related disability-adjusted life years, termed DALYS. The unit, one DALY, represents a measure of overall disease burden and is expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death. The burden from smoking-related DALYS for asthma is high and is estimated to account for 9.3% of the cumulative 22.8 million DALYS caused by asthma globally.
Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Infectious diseases affect hundreds of millions of individuals every year and have been estimated to account for nearly one-third of annual human mortality worldwide. A report from the World Bank (1993) measured the burden that diseases, as a group or individually, have on the various demographic regions of the world. For this purpose, the measurement took into account the combination of losses from premature death, which is defined as the difference between the actual age of death and life expectancy in a low mortality population, and loss of healthy life resulting from disability. The unit used to measure the global burden of disease was the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). At the end, the global burden of disease was measured by comparing the DALYs lost from different diseases (Figure 21.2A). For this purpose, the incidence of cases by age, sex, and demographic region was estimated, and then the number of years of healthy life lost was obtained by multiplying the potential duration of the disease until it was cured or ended in death by a severity weight that measured the severity of the disability in comparison with loss of life.
Prevalence, Mortality, and Risk Factors
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost are measurements of years of life lost (YLL) due to premature death, plus years lost to severe disability (YLD). The formula for DALYs is:
Evaluating the impact of early vs delayed ofatumumab initiation and estimating the long-term outcomes of ofatumumab vs teriflunomide in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients in Spain
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
Umakanth Vudumula, Mausam Patidar, Kapil Gudala, Elizabeth Karpf, Nicholas Adlard
Clinical outcomes, including the distribution of MS patients in the different EDSS states, the proportion of wheelchair and bedridden patients (EDSS ≥ 7), the number of relapses, and the number of DALYs, were estimated. DALY was calculated as the sum of the years of life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality and years lived with disability (YLD). Societal outcomes that were reported included productivity measure (% employed and % retired early) and informal care days per annum. Economic outcomes included direct, relapse, and indirect costs. Direct costs comprised healthcare costs (disease management, drug administration and monitoring, AE management, and non-medical) and excluded DMT acquisition costs. The drug acquisition costs were not considered in the model because the net drug acquisition cost of any drug (in this case ofatumumab and teriflunomide) is confidential in Spain. Relapse costs were those associated with the management of relapse events. Indirect costs referred to costs due to productivity losses incurred by patients and caregivers. All cost estimates were reported in 2020 euros using the Spanish consumer price index data41.
Global, regional and national burden of orofacial clefts from 1990 to 2019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Dawei Wang, Boyu Zhang, Qi Zhang, Yiping Wu
The annual number of incident cases, death and DALYs were obtained from the website. Introduced by the World Bank and the WHO, the DALY is increasingly used for assessing the disease burden on individual health status [26,27]. DALY is a summary measure of the years lived with disability and the years of life lost. DALY is a positive value, with larger values reflecting more severe loss of healthy life caused by the disease. The age-standardized rates (ASR) of incidence, death, and DALYs were calculated to describe the disease burden. The ASR indicates the number of incident cases, death or DALYs per 100,000 population with adjusted for population age differences [28]. ASR values scaled from 0 to 100,000, with larger values indicating higher morbidity, mortality or DALY rates. The associations between the SDI and ASR were calculated using Pearson’s correlation analysis.
Impact of choice of inhalers for asthma care on global carbon footprint and societal costs: a long-term economic evaluation
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2022
Kalé Kponee-Shovein, Jessica Marvel, Ryotaro Ishikawa, Abhay Choubey, Harneet Kaur, Khadidja Ngom, Iman Fakih, Natalia Swartz, Todd Schatzki, James Signorovitch
CO2e emissions due to inhaler use were converted to DALYs to capture their health impact. In principle, health impacts captured by DALY estimates are captured by the SCC, and thus these impacts are not incremental to the SCC. DALY estimates reflect health damage factors (i.e. changes in DALYs per unit of CO2 emissions) estimated by Tang et al.35, who estimated these factors based on expected temperature change and temperature-dependent disease burden35. Two damage factors, each corresponding to different 100-year climate change scenarios projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were considered36. Scenario A1B is characterized by very rapid economic growth with a peak and subsequent decline in the global population mid-century, and its estimated damage factor was 2.0 × 10−7 DALYs/kg CO2e35,36. Scenario A2 is characterized by regionally oriented economic development with a continually increasing global population, and its estimated damage factor was 6.2 × 10−7 DALYs/kg CO2e.35,36. These two damage factors “bookend” the range of expected damage factors associated with the other climate scenarios assembled by the IPCC. DALYs were calculated for Scenarios A, B, and C by separately multiplying annual global CO2e emissions by each damage factor and were discounted at an annual rate of 3%. Cumulative DALYs were aggregated at the global level for each scenario.