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Risk factors – Treatable traits
Published in Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord, The Asthmas, 2023
Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord
Smoking is a chronic dependence disorder with a high relapse rate. It interacts with obstructive airway disease to increase the disease burden. The illness burden from smoking and asthma can be assessed by measuring smoking-related disability-adjusted life years, termed DALYS. The unit, one DALY, represents a measure of overall disease burden and is expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death. The burden from smoking-related DALYS for asthma is high and is estimated to account for 9.3% of the cumulative 22.8 million DALYS caused by asthma globally.
Prevalence, Mortality, and Risk Factors
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost are measurements of years of life lost (YLL) due to premature death, plus years lost to severe disability (YLD). The formula for DALYs is:
Introduction to disability
Published in Ramar Sabapathi Vinayagam, Integrated Evaluation of Disability, 2019
In an ideal situation, standard life expectancy at birth is set at 80 years for men and 82.5 for women when a person lives up to the age of standard life with perfect good health. A combined loss of years of life (YLL) due to premature death and years lost because of a disability (YLD) represent Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) (22). The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010 compared DALY, YLDs, YLLs, and the percentage of death for various diseases and injuries (23).
Evaluating the impact of early vs delayed ofatumumab initiation and estimating the long-term outcomes of ofatumumab vs teriflunomide in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients in Spain
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
Umakanth Vudumula, Mausam Patidar, Kapil Gudala, Elizabeth Karpf, Nicholas Adlard
Clinical outcomes, including the distribution of MS patients in the different EDSS states, the proportion of wheelchair and bedridden patients (EDSS ≥ 7), the number of relapses, and the number of DALYs, were estimated. DALY was calculated as the sum of the years of life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality and years lived with disability (YLD). Societal outcomes that were reported included productivity measure (% employed and % retired early) and informal care days per annum. Economic outcomes included direct, relapse, and indirect costs. Direct costs comprised healthcare costs (disease management, drug administration and monitoring, AE management, and non-medical) and excluded DMT acquisition costs. The drug acquisition costs were not considered in the model because the net drug acquisition cost of any drug (in this case ofatumumab and teriflunomide) is confidential in Spain. Relapse costs were those associated with the management of relapse events. Indirect costs referred to costs due to productivity losses incurred by patients and caregivers. All cost estimates were reported in 2020 euros using the Spanish consumer price index data41.
Disability, a priority area for health research in South Africa: an analysis of the burden of disease study 2017
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Bradley Carpenter, Makandwe Nyirenda, Jill Hanass-Hancock
The data from the GBD studies can also be used to compute indicators such as Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Years Lived with Disability (YLD) for a diverse set of diseases. YLLs and YLDs are then used to determine Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), an indicator that can be thought of as one lost year of “healthy life without functional limitations” [8]. In order to calculate YLD, the GBD study uses specific disability weights per health condition (as different health conditions cause different severities of disablement). The disability weights have been developed by the GBD study team who allocated numerical weights estimating the non-fatal consequences of health conditions (from 0, perfect health, to 1, equivalent to dead) [5,22,23]. The full methodology and weighting procedure has been discussed in other published articles [22,23]. The general methods used in the GBD studies are described in detail elsewhere [3,5,7].
A narrative review of anti-obesity medications for obese patients with osteoarthritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Win Min Oo, Ali Mobasheri, David J Hunter
Overweight and obesity are caused by abnormal or excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body [12]. In addition to being a primary driver of the global rise in non-communicable diseases, obesity itself has been recognized as a complex, chronic non-communicable disease since 2013 by American Medical Association [13]. For adults, the World Health Organization (WHO) defines overweight as body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 and obesity as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 [14] for people of European ancestry. Lower cutoff points of 23 kg/m2 and 27.5 kg/m2 may be used in Asian populations as trigger points for public health action [15] as obesity-related comorbidities can develop at lower BMIs in Asians [16]. Globally, obesity has nearly tripled between 1975 and 2016. In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults (39%) were affected by overweight, and over 650 million (13%) have obesity worldwide [14]. In the US, obesity affected 42.4% of adults in 2017 [17] and by 2030 it is projected that almost 1 in 2 adults will have developed obesity (48.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 47.7 to 50.1) [18]. In the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, obesity was the seventh leading risk factor and represented a 32.5% increase in age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALY) from 2010 to 2019 [19].