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Injuries and Lifestyle Medicine
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Injuries are a large, predictable, and preventable national and global problem. In the United States, unintentional injuries are the fourth leading cause of death for people of all ages, the leading cause of death for children and adolescents,14 and the leading cause of years of potential life lost (YPLL) before age 65 years17—twice that of Heart Disease and 1.6 times that of Malignant Neoplasms (Table 115.1).
Life Tables
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Principles of Biostatistics, 2018
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau
When used for a relatively stable group over a short period of time, the average age at death can be quite informative. However, like other crude summary statistics, it may be affected by a variety of confounding factors. As a general descriptive measure of survival, the average age at death was discredited long ago in favor of the life table method. A related concept, the years of potential life lost, or YPLL, was introduced in the early part of this century [8]. Rather than taking into account the years of life lived by an individual, the YPLL considers the amount of life that is lost as the result of a premature death. This has the effect of placing more importance on life that is lost to diseases of the young.
Major contemporary challenges in global health
Published in Kevin McCracken, David R. Phillips, Global Health, 2017
Kevin McCracken, David R. Phillips
A third, and often ignored, form of substance abuse with major global health effects is heavy alcohol consumption. Alcohol use is causally associated with around sixty different diseases and contributes to around 4 per cent of the global burden of disease (Connor et al., 2016). US figures highlight the toll within a country and the extent to which alcohol abuse needs to be addressed as a major health (and social and economic) problem: ‘Excessive alcohol use led to approximately 88,000 deaths and 2.5 million years of potential life lost (YPLL) each year in the United States from 2006–2010, shortening the lives of those who died by an average of 30 years’ (CDC, 2016d). Alcohol takes a particularly heavy toll in some countries. In Russia, for example, vodka consumption has been identified as a huge problem for health and the economy, especially when combined with heavy smoking. At 2005 mortality rates, 37 per cent of Russian males would die under the age of fifty-five years (compared with 7 per cent in the UK). Even though vodka consumption and under-fifty-five mortality declined by about a third after that date, both remain substantial (Zaridze et al., 2014).
Association of number of primary care physicians with preventable hospitalizations and premature deaths
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2022
Satya Preetham Gunta, Ain Ul-Ejaz, Abigail May Murphy, Kaylea May Gunn, Ambika Bhatnagar, Vanika Angraal, Angel Lopez-Candales, Suveen Angraal
Strong primary care is associated with better overall health in a community [2]. However, the number of PCPs has been decreasing in the United States (US) [3]. This decline is more apparent in the rural communities that have seen over 50% decrease in PCPs [3]. While prior studies have assessed how PCPs impact the health outcomes in the US, these studies have focused on mortality outcomes [1]. By assessing how the number of PCPs correlates with metrics like preventable hospitalizations and premature deaths, tangible policies can be created towards a targeted goal using more granular data. Furthermore, targeted incentives could be given to medical students to expand the supply of PCPs to strengthen the healthcare structure. Accordingly, we sought to assess the association of the number of PCPs with preventable hospitalizations and premature deaths, as assessed through years of potential life lost (YPLL).
Ringing the Alarm on Suicide Prevention: A Call to Action
Published in Psychiatry, 2021
Rebecca G. Fortgang, Matthew K. Nock
Suicide is among the leading causes of death worldwide and is an especially alarming problem in youth. In the US, suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death among those 10–34 years old and overall is the 4th leading contributor to years of potential life lost (YPLL). As a society, when we learn that a condition is disproportionately causing early death, we have responded by using research funding to better understand, predict, and prevent or treat that condition. This approach has a strong track record. The mortality rates due to conditions such as tuberculosis, cancer, and accidents have dropped precipitously over the past 100 years– largely due to increased federally-supported research (Carter et al., 2006; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). Mortality due to new conditions also has been targeted using this approach: HIV/AIDS, SARS, and Ebola. In each instance, the threat was identified, and significant federal support led to rapid understanding and treatment development, followed by reduced mortality. We have seen this approach in action over the past year of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Opportunities to reduce road traffic injury: new insights from the study of urban areas
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2020
Mark Stevenson, Jason Thompson, Jasper S. Wijnands, Kerry Nice, Gideon Aschwanden, Haifeng Zhao
As the CNN model identified unique clusters of countries including cities with corresponding transport-related characteristics, we applied estimates of the mean disease burden associated with road transport injury (ICD-10-CM V00-V89) for each country type within the various identified cluster types using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study (GBD DALYs & Collaborators, 2017). For comparative purposes, road traffic injury was reported as DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) lost per 100,000 population per annum, which is a combination of the sum of the years of potential life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) and years of productive life lost due to a disability (YLDs) per 100,000 population (Murray et al., 2012).