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Health Economics and Administration
Published in Lars Granath, William D. McHugh, Systematized Prevention of Oral Disease: Theory and Practice, 2019
Robert L. Berg, Dennis H. Leverett
Even in market oriented societies, many programs have strong socialist features, as in Scandinavia and Great Britain, where the provision of health, education, and welfare services is assured, regardless of need. In the case of dental health care, some co-payment is often required (25 to 50% in Sweden,9 66% in Norway,4 20% in Great Britain13). Even in such societies, the health care systems allow the co-existence of private services. Such private responsibility and provision of service is more widespread in oral health care than in other segments of health care.
The objective of the international drug control system
Published in Daniel Wisehart, Drug Control and International Law, 2018
This may explain why, when interpreting norms of differing treaty regimes, the first instinct of the interpreter will be to avoid such normative conflicts. This can be achieved in most cases by connecting the different obligations from various regimes. As the ILC has noted, legal rules do not ‘apply in a vacuum’ and the international legal system is more than a random accumulation of numerous rules and different legal regimes but has to be considered as a whole.158 Therefore, it is important to contextualize the different rules contained in the various legal regimes; an idea that was also embodied within Art. 31 (3) (c) VCLT. Thereby, when interpreting an obligation, ‘[a]ny relevant rules of international law applicable in relations between the parties’ have to be taken into account. This contextualization takes place by the virtue of ‘systemic integration’ that embodies ‘a strong presumption against normative conflict’.159 In order to provide for a smooth coexistence of the various legal regimes, the interpreter will first of all rely on ‘harmonious interpretation’. This means to interpret two legal obligations contained in two separate regimes as one single set of rules.160
Inchworms and also-rans
Published in Roger Neighbour, Jamie Hynes, Iona Heath, The Inner Physician, 2018
Roger Neighbour, Jamie Hynes, Iona Heath
Does this matter? Yes, it does. Internal discord, even if it were only lighthearted, disfigures a profession and undermines public trust. And this at a time when public and political opinion is suspicious of the very concept of professions, which are sometimes portrayed as elitist, self-serving and exploitative. Medical professionalism has recently been described as ‘everything it takes to maintain doctors’ trustworthiness in the eyes of patients’.69 On this basis, sniping between specialists and generalists - if it implies that one type of doctor is ‘better’, or does more valuable work, than the other - is unprofessional. It is as if two people, one of whom has gone blind and the other deaf, fall into argument over whether painting or music is the superior art form. When there are two midwives (a Persian proverb goes), the baby’s head is crooked. And yet neither faction has quite managed to dampen the smouldering rivalry between them. Tension between specialists and generalists will not be resolved by agreeing to differ; co-existence would suggest that patients,their illnesses and problems change in some mysterious way as soon as they cross a hospital threshold. Nor is there any want of fundamental goodwill on either side; each camp contains many excellent, rounded, clinically competent and patient-serving doctors who, intellectually at least, understand the others’ approach.
Application of activity theory to examine the implementation of e-health in Namibia
Published in International Journal of Healthcare Management, 2023
Laizah Sashah Mutasa, Tiko Iyamu
In AT, Community consists of a group of people sharing the same motive within an environment [27]. Thus, community involves people that have a common culture or values in carrying out an activity. In this context, this study explores the roles and influence of the community in the deployment, management, support and use of the e-health system in the Namibia environment. This implies that the different groups of people are involved in e-health as a community. The groups consist of technical (ICT) and non-technical personnel (health and other professionals). Some of the roles of the community are to provide requirements, technical support, maintenance and assessment of the e-health solutions. Also, the community is expected to ensure the co-existence and integration of e-health with other technology solutions, such as e-governance. The technical personnel consist of software developers, system analysts, IT managers, and network administrators. Project managers and business analysts were non-technical personnel.
Women’s experiences of cultural and traditional health beliefs about pregnancy and childbirth in Zambia: An ethnographic study
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2021
According to Geschiere (2003) and Mokgobi (2014) the colonial legacy of the medical culture is the struggle for power, the practice of power, and the dichotomies between African and Western or traditional and modern, seeking and understanding useful approaches across cultural and linguistic borders. The resources of modern medicine and maternity care are limited. The Ministry of Health is a key health authority and influencer. Birth attendants and birth advisors who respect traditional Zambian birth practices, health beliefs and rites are preferred by many women for different cultural reasons. Approximately 80% of Africans resort to traditional healing on some level. Healers’ actions and argumentation demonstrate a dynamic, pluralistic and hybrid character, where the influences from and coexistence with Western medicine and its conceptions of disease have been going on for centuries. In Zambian culture, recognizing and confessing one’s limitations and illnesses are important features. Communication, collaboration and division of labor between modern medicine and traditional healing is possible but often difficult, and there are no easy solutions for overcoming differences of opinion. The prevalence of HIV has contributed to high rates of maternal and child mortalities (Ngoma, 2016; WHO, 2015a, 2015b, 2019).
Clinically feasible and prospective immunotherapeutic interventions in multidirectional comprehensive treatment of cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Victor I. Seledtsov, Alexei von Delwig
Therefore, the main focus of anti-tumor treatment strategies applied at advanced disease stages should consist of the reconstitution and stimulation of humoral and cellular immune mechanisms capable of controlling tumor cell growth and preventing the implementation of the regenerative tumor potential. Furthermore, CRT should concentrate on mounting conditions that ensure tumor growth-controlling effectiveness of different immunotherapeutic interventions (including ACI), rather than on direct destruction of tumor cells. In general, treatment strategies applied at advanced disease stages should be aimed at achieving cancer dormancy, i.e. a particular status quo long-term situation of tumor co-existing with normally functioning vital body systems, rather than at tumor destruction. The ‘balanced coexistence’ strategies could prove to be more rational and beneficial in our attempts to prolong patients’ life at advanced disease stages.