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Blockchain Primer
Published in Salvatore Volpe, Health Informatics, 2022
In March 2020, the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) finalized a set of historic rules, the 21st Century Cures Act (Cures Act)9 and the MyHealthEData Initiative.10 These two historic federal healthcare data–sharing policies involve both the public and the private sectors and provide patients more control over their information. Herein lies the challenge and the opportunity to achieve the goals that a person’s individual data needs to be identified and made sharable while simultaneously protecting the security of that information. Decentralized technology like blockchain or blockchain-inspired technology may offer the consumer the best assurance of access, traceability, and security.
Calibration and Traceability
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Due to economic and geographic differences around the world, countries have adopted a number of different ways to establish and maintain traceability at the end-user level. For example, in Brazil, the Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes (LNMRI)/Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria (IRD), which is the DI for maintaining radioactivity standards in the country, has been operating a proficiency-testing program for activity calibrators since about 1997 [6–8]. For many years, the comparisons were run by LNMRI/IRD and served mostly clinics in the surrounding area of Rio de Janeiro. As nuclear medicine practice and the demand for traceability increased, a system of four regional laboratories (including IRD/LNMRI acting in this capacity) was set up to serve more of the country. Today, comparisons are conducted to establish and maintain traceability for 201Tl, 131I, 123I, 99mTc, 67Ga, and, more recently, 18F for the almost 250 nuclear medicine centres throughout the country.
The development of the Kampo medicines industry
Published in Stephan Kloos, Calum Blaikie, Asian Medical Industries, 2022
Ichiro Arai, Julia S. Yongue, Kiichiro Tsutani
The dependence on imports has indirectly affected regulatory policies regarding manufacturing safety standards. Crude drugs as well as finished Kampo medicine products are now tested for residual pesticides, heavy metals, and arsenic, as well as microorganisms. As was the case for GMP, in 2005 and 2006, JKMA established their own standard limits on contaminants for Kampo medicine extract formulations and non-Kampo medicine crude drug products. Taking private companies’ initiatives into consideration, regulatory authorities followed suit by adding new GMP specifications for Kampo medicine extract products, as well as supplementary information to the 2006 JP regarding the level of purity (Arai 2009). Some large manufacturers have introduced traceability systems and regularly engage in data collection. The latter has helped to reduce the risk of incidents caused by high levels of contaminants and thus contributed to overall product safety.
Considering medical students’ perception, concerns and needs for e-exam during COVID-19: a promising approach to improve subject specific e-exams
Published in Medical Education Online, 2022
Stefanie Ziehfreund, Johannes Reifenrath, Marjo Wijnen-Meijer, Julia Welzel, Fabian Sauter, Hannah Wecker, Tilo Biedermann, Alexander Zink
Free-text answers were analyzed using the qualitative content analysis according to Mayring [28]. Categories were developed deductively from the guided questions and supplemented by categories that resulted from the material by SZ. Another researcher (author AZ) examined these proposed categories for traceability. Unclear passages were discussed and, if necessary, changed and adapted by consensus (SZ, AZ). This resulted in a category tree with defined anchor examples and the subsequent definition of subcategories (SZ). The categories were discussed and proved to be comprehensive (SZ, AZ). All materials were coded according to these categories (SZ) and discussed in case of ambiguity in coding (SZ, AZ). Additionally, qualitative results were quantified for an overview of the frequency of the emerged topics.
A design thinking framework and design patterns for hospital pharmacy management
Published in International Journal of Healthcare Management, 2020
Wirachchaya Chanpuypetch, Duangpun Kritchanchai
Second, most hospitals cannot exactly determine both past and present locations of pharmaceutical products movement despite a computerized IS has been implemented in the hospital warehouse and hospital pharmacy. Due to the master data structure provided in the IS does not support an entering of crucial drug information such as a batch or lot number as well as the related standard drug information. Therefore, traceability architecture should be proposed for tracking and tracing drug items throughout the entire supply chain. In this regard, the suitable master data structure must be defined for entering all crucial drug information into the IS of hospital. Likewise, an electronic form of drug pedigree that contains drug information about each distribution may be provided to use by pharmaceutical supply chain participants, this is called e-Pedigree. Standard information should be included into these structures of IS such as NDC and EPC. In case of drug codes are internally determined, the practice of code mapping must also be performed. Furthermore, rule-based integration technology for traceability using technologies such as 2D barcode and RFID are frequently suggested for automatically identifying and information interchanging in the supply chain [8,14]. Through this approach, each movement of the drug is able to track and trace. Correctness and timeliness can also be increased significantly [33].
A systematic perspective on the applications of big data analytics in healthcare management
Published in International Journal of Healthcare Management, 2019
Sachin S. Kamble, Angappa Gunasekaran, Milind Goswami, Jaswant Manda
The traceability of data can help the healthcare organizations to monitor the patient health and develop the relationship between the patients’ healthcare needs and possible solutions by tracking the data available with the different stakeholders [47]. One of the applications of BDA traceability could be its potential use in linking sizeable longitudinal healthcare databases of the patients to identify drug risk. Rabah [46] recognizes that the traceable nature of blockchain transactions can be used for reduction of improper billing, prevention of unauthorized persons from accessing patient records, and control the issues of counterfeit drugs and incorrect prescriptions.