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Futuristic Approaches in Vitreoretinal Surgery
Published in Pradeep Venkatesh, Handbook of Vitreoretinal Surgery, 2023
The word robot is derived from the Slavic robota, which translates to servant or slave and was first introduced in a play almost a century ago. With advancements in technology and computing, robotics has evolved into an area of specialization within the field of engineering. Robotics involves the conceptualization, design, and applications of machinery that can emulate and reproduce mechanical tasks that are performed by human beings. These machines have been in use for several decades in areas that are beyond human capability such as space exploration and repair and deep-sea exploration. More recently, they are being used to replace human labour in homes and workplaces. In combination with the exponential improvements in deep learning and machine learning, robot-assisted surgery is expected to achieve a quantum leap in terms of precision and clinical applicability. It is also expected to improve the quality and standardization of surgical training. Limitations of robotic surgery include the technical complexity, cost, and questions on responsibility assignment, consent, ethics, and liability. Although robotic platforms provide 3D visualization, access to tissues and better dexterity to the surgeon, surgical aspects like traction, applied force, suture tying strength, dissection, and tissue response are based largely on visual cues. To overcome some of these limitations, approaches like the haptic feedback systems and tactile feedback systems have been studied.
Artificial intelligence as a feminist bioethics issue
Published in Wendy A. Rogers, Jackie Leach Scully, Stacy M. Carter, Vikki A. Entwistle, Catherine Mills, The Routledge Handbook of Feminist Bioethics, 2022
While AI enthusiasts may argue that the use of big data sources in AI technologies allows more data involvement from patients to facilitate tailored recommendations, data intensity does not necessarily translate into meaningful engagement in the technological process. This is especially so since many consumers and patients do not know how their data may be collected or shared with technology developers. Moreover, ML/DL requires training data to be organized (and sometimes labeled) in ways that computers can understand, even when doing so may result in transformed data formats that people no longer identify with or can comprehend. In other words, the quantification of people’s experiences in AI processes may impose additional power and control on patients by unilaterally redefining the relationship of individuals to their own health, their bodies and their self-identities (Lupton 2013; Sharon 2017). Prioritization of algorithmic predictive processes assumes that experience that can be reduced to measurable arithmetic quantifiable “precision” is epistemically superior or more relevant in the production of health knowledge. It risks neglecting the embodied knowledge that comes from people’s complex experience, intuition and haptic senses that are manifested in richer environmental and cultural contexts (Adam 1998; D’Ignazio and Klein 2020).
Training for Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery
Published in Haribhakti Sanjiv, Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery, 2020
The various factors playing a role in the acquisition of skills in laparoscopic surgery are: use of long hand instruments, perception of haptic feedback, proper hand–eye coordination, following the basics of ergonomics, and ambidexterity at times. However, the training curriculum during residency programs is insufficient to meet the standard due to various reasons including the lack of adequately trained trainers, stipulated duty hours for surgical residents with less time in the OR [5], and lack of a structured training module for MAS.
Virtual reality in physical rehabilitation: a narrative review and critical reflection
Published in Physical Therapy Reviews, 2022
Michael J. Lukacs, Shahan Salim, Michael J. Katchabaw, Euson Yeung, David M. Walton
Researchers began exploring VR technologies combined with rehabilitation pursuits in the mid 1990s [40]. HMDs and haptic devices were used for objective measures of recovery and to decrease boredom occurring in traditional rehabilitation [40]. Haptic devices can be understood as interfaces between humans and machines which enable interaction through touch, usually giving feedback in the form of force or motion [41]. Examples of these applications in physical rehabilitation included: treatment of motor apraxia using VR as biofeedback [42], treatment of movement disorders in Parkinson’s Disease [43, 44], and motor learning for patients with acquired brain injury [43, 45]. VR held promise with its potential to simulate the performance of tasks where specific elements can be concentrated on [42, 43, 46, 47]. VR also gained interest within the rehabilitation space due to its ability to facilitate motor learning principles in a controllable fashion [43, 46]. Compared to real environments, it has been suggested that VR applications provide real-time objective feedback regarding task performance and motivation to endure practice thus can more rapidly inducing changes in cortical plasticity [43, 46]. Also compared to real-life practice of tasks, VR has been suggested to be able to simplify tasks such that key elements can be exemplified [43]. As motor learning principles are an integral component of physical therapy (i.e. feedback, repetition, and motivation) [48], it could be theorized that at this point in time, VR-related applications began their navigation into the physical rehabilitation world as we know today.
Robotics in Vitreo-Retinal Surgery
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2022
Srishti Raksheeth Ramamurthy, Vivek Pravin Dave
Robotics confers immense advantage over conventional minimally invasive surgical systems, to transcend human physiological limits.27 Substantial economic investment for equipment in robotic surgical systems, which at present have not demonstrated superior outcomes, is a barrier to its widespread adoption in vitreo-retinal surgery.28 Workspace intrusion by equipment and longer surgical duration are other areas that need refinement for implementation of robotic surgery in routine practice. However, robotics may benefit in specific tasks such as targeted gene therapy and drug delivery that require higher precision and accuracy. Preceyes surgical system and similar devices, which enable the surgeon to control equipment from a distant site, could revolutionize telesurgery. Haptic feedback, that would improve tactile sensation, could be incorporated into robotic systems to improve surgical accuracy.29 A hybrid system that allows the surgeon to freely switch between fully automated surgery and manual control, would be ideal to adopt into surgical practice in the near future.17 Given the promising trends and rapid advances made in the field over the past two decades, further research and investment are warranted to realize the full potential of robotics in retinal microsurgery.
The effects of a positional feedback device on rollator walker use: a validation study
Published in Assistive Technology, 2021
Courtney Golembiewski, John Schultz, Timothy Reissman, Harold Merriman, Julie Walsh-Messinger, Kurt Jackson, Kimberly Edginton Bigelow
Several different forms of feedback were considered based on effectiveness, feasibility, and intrusiveness. The main forms of feedback considered were visual, auditory, and haptic (Giggins, Persson, & Caulfield, 2013). Visual feedback in the form of a RGB LED was ultimately selected due to its reported effectiveness, feasibility of application, and lack of obtrusive nature as compared to the alternative options. Auditory feedback was not selected due to the high rate of hearing impairment in older adults (Walling & Dickson, 2012) and haptic feedback was not chosen based on concerns that the user would not be able to feel the vibration during ambulation on rough ground or would find this sensation uncomfortable or distracting. Given the location of the device on the crossbar, the visual display resided in the general field of vision, allowing the feedback to be noticeable while not blocking primary lines of sight. Through a simple closed loop feedback at 4 Hz sampling, the device illuminated the RGB LED a red color to indicate to the user when the ultrasonic sensor detected the user outside the prescribed range, or a green color to indicate to the user when the user was within the range. Providing the user visual feedback on their distance every 0.25 s was found to be reasonable based on user feedback during the prototyping stage. Distance data was stored along with time stamps to the microSD card. All was packaged within an electrical enclosure box for safety. The system was then tested with five rollator walker users to confirm the reliability of the visual feedback system prior to the validation study.