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Therapeutic effectiveness
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
“As warts often disappear spontaneously, at any treatment which is in use that time will gain an undeserved reputation as a wart cure” (Rains & Ritchie, 1977, p. 101). “Proctitis is an inflammation of the rectal mucosa characterized by loss of blood in motions, often the complaint is one of diarrhoea, fortunately the condition is self limiting” (Rains & Ritchie, 1977, p. 1073). Most viral infections are self-limiting. Typhoid fever is also cured spontaneously when treatment is not given.The clinical manifestations and duration of illness vary markedly from one patient to another. Mild form of disease characterized primarily by fever may last only for a week or illness may be prolonged lasting 8 weeks or more if untreated. In a typical patient, not treated with antimicrobials, the illness lasts for about 4 weeks.(Guerrant & Hook, 1983, p. 959)
Specific Infections in Children
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Neal Russell, Sarah May Johnson, Andrew Chapman, Christian Harkensee, Sylvia Garry, Bhanu Williams
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi, which is transmitted via the faecal-oral route and is common where there is poor sanitation, as may occur with population displacement. Salmonella paratyphi causes a similar but less severe clinical picture.
Clinical profile in adult typhoid fever in patients at hospital X, East Jakarta, Indonesia, January–March 2018
Published in Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah, Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the Salmonella typhi bacterium, which can be spread through contaminated food or water. This disease is highly contagious and can cause an outbreak (Setiati et al. 2014). According to the latest estimates, 11–21 million cases and 128,000–161,000 deaths related to typhoid fever occur annually throughout the world (World Health Organization, 2018). The estimated incidence rate of typhoid fever is 150/100,000 per year in South America and 900/100,000 per year in Asia.
Progress in the overall understanding of typhoid fever: implications for vaccine development
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Peter J O’Reilly, Dikshya Pant, Mila Shakya, Buddha Basnyat, Andrew J Pollard
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and paratyphoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Paratyphi A, B and C (S. Paratyphi). Collectively termed enteric fever, they are predominant in low resource settings and cause clinically indistinguishable symptoms of fever, flu-like symptoms with chills, dull frontal headache, malaise, anorexia, nausea, and abdominal discomfort, and in severe cases intestinal perforation and neurological complications. Blood culture is the gold standard for diagnosis, but has limited sensitivity [1]. The mainstay of treatment is antibiotic therapy and is usually prescribed empirically but with increasing antimicrobial resistance and a limited pool of treatment options, effective treatment is becoming increasingly challenging [2]. Vaccination can be an effective measure to prevent disease, coupled with ongoing efforts to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended programmatic use of typhoid vaccines in 2008, but due to lack of funding to support vaccination, this was not implemented at country level [3]. The importance of vaccination as a preventive measure has regained attention with increasing antimicrobial resistance. More recently, in 2018, the WHO has recommended the use of the new generation of typhoid conjugate vaccines [4].
Sigmoid volvulus: a rare but unique complication of enteric fever
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2020
Muhammad Sohaib Asghar, Abubakar Tauseef, Hiba Shariq, Maryam Zafar, Rumael Jawed, Uzma Rasheed, Mustafa Dawood, Haris Alvi, Saad Aslam, Marium Tauseef
In our case, it can be said that sigmoid volvulus was developed as a complication of Enteric fever, on a background of habitual constipation, as sigmoid volvulus is very uncommon at a young age. The complications of Typhoid fever usually include gastrointestinal manifestations such as diffuse abdominal pain, bleeding, cholecystitis, and cholangitis. The serious most complication is bowel perforation [13]. Recently, there is an outbreak of resistant Salmonella Typhi strain only sensitive to Azithromycin and Meropenem with higher rates of complications. A study was conducted by Agha Khan University Hospital in 2016, which showed an increasing emergence of multiple drug-resistant strains of Salmonella Typhi mainly in Hyderabad, Sindh [14]. This resistance is acquired by alteration in the genome sequence. Currently, it is important to control such an unknown outbreak of multiple drug-resistant strains of Salmonella Typhi as it is a serious issue in disease control and prevention.
Pneumonia with pleural empyema caused by Salmonella Typhi in an immunocompetent child living in a non-endemic country
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2018
Gwénaëlle Duhil de Bénazé, Emilie Desselas, Véronique Houdouin, Patricia Mariani-Kurkdjian, Ahmed Kheniche, Stéphane Dauger, Géraldine Poncelet, Jean Gaschignard, Michaël Levy
Salmonella are Gram-negative bacilli of the enterobacteriaceae family. Salmonella infections are a major cause of gastroenteritis throughout the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) [1–3]. Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi (S. Typhi) and Paratyphi are the two bacteria responsible for typhoid fever. Typical symptoms of typhoid fever include high fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, headache, splenomegaly and leucopenia [1,3]. Complications of S. Typhi can involve the gastro-intestinal tract (intestinal haemorrhage, perforation), the nervous system (encephalopathy, brain abscess), the bones and joints (osteomyelitis, pyogenic arthritis), the kidneys and the heart (myocarditis). Primary thoracic empyema owing to S. Typhi is rare and patients with complications of salmonella infections usually have underlying medical conditions [1].