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DRCOG MCQs for Circuit C Questions
Published in Una F. Coales, DRCOG: Practice MCQs and OSCEs: How to Pass First Time three Complete MCQ Practice Exams (180 MCQs) Three Complete OSCE Practice Papers (60 Questions) Detailed Answers and Tips, 2020
Hyperemesis gravidarum may be associated with:Liver failure.Pre-eclampsia toxaemia.Twin pregnancy.Hydatidiform mole.Polyneuritis.
Pregnancy
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Michael E. Newmark, Stephanie Dubinsky
Studies on toxemia, premature labor, and bleeding during pregnancy and after delivery are inconclusive. AEDs may cause increased bleeding after delivery by decreasing uterine contractility or interfering with blood coagulation (17). Hiilesmaa et al. reported that mothers with epilepsy in their study population did not have more pregnancy and labor complications than control subjects. In this study no generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) was followed within 24 hours by vaginal bleeding, rupture of amniotic membranes, initiation of uterine contractions, intrauterine death, or other recognizable obstetric complications (18). Although women with epilepsy have an increased percentage of medical interventions during labor and delivery, a heightened clinician concern in handling these pregnancies may be responsible rather than an increased risk for mother or child (3,13,14). Perinatal mortality is two to three times greater than expected but is not associated with one AED more than another (1,13,15,16,19). Low socioeconomic status is correlated with adverse pregnancy outcome and may be a factor in increased perinatal mortality found in women with epilepsy (16,18).
Endothelial cell dysfunction and pre-eclampsia
Published in Pankaj Desai, Pre-eclampsia, 2020
Historically, pre-eclampsia was called “pre-eclamptic toxaemia”: or even plain and simple “toxaemia”. This was because the assumption that by some mechanism, toxins are released by the placenta, which led to the development of pre-eclampsia. It was subsequently disproved because no such toxin was identified in the circulation of pre-eclamptic women. This led to a change in name from pre-eclamptic toxaemia to pre-eclampsia. Nevertheless, inspired by those early presumptions, some researchers indulge in attempting to identify or, at least, search for the ever-elusive toxin, even now. Such efforts have also been made in the possible agents (“toxins”) that might cause decidual or maternal vascular endothelial cell activation.
An update on endotoxin neutralization strategies in Gram-negative bacterial infections
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Klaus Brandenburg, Andra B Schromm, Günther Weindl, Lena Heinbockel, Wilmar Correa, Karl Mauss, Guillermo Martinez de Tejada, Patrick Garidel
Compared to the above mentioned surgical models, the most important advantages of toxemia methods are their technical simplicity and the possibility to accurately characterize the material inoculated [60]. Such characterization is of critical importance to exclude contamination of the presumed pure microbial component with undesirable compounds, which may be present also in commercially available products (Martínez-de-Tejada; personal communication). Failure to do so invalidates findings made with such uncharacterized preparations. Notably, the onset of sepsis-related symptoms is normally faster in toxemia models compared to any other method [67]. In turn, this rapid course and the homogeneity of the injected material results in less intra-group variability and greater reproducibility [62]. Conversely, the acute nature of toxemia models hampers an adequate control of animal suffering, whereas surgical methods follow a more progressive and predictable course.
‘Neurasthenia gastrica’ revisited: perceptions of nerve-gut interactions in nervous exhaustion, 1880–1920
Published in Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 2018
In those cases where some kind of abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract was understood as the cause of gastric (and general) neurasthenia, the therapeutic advice given was somewhat different. For instance, when intestinal autointoxication was considered to be the primary problem, the aim of the treatment was to remove the source of toxemia. This could be done by improving the ‘elimination’ and reducing the often-associated constipation, by the means of drugs (‘emesis or lavage’) or so-called ‘colonic flushings’ [53]. Moreover, yoghurt was assumed to inhibit the toxic putrefactive processes of the intestines [54]. In some cases, a more radical and invasive mode of treatment option was suggested. As pointed out by Campbell McClure: In a certain small proportion of cases it may be even necessary, on account of long-continued and severe gastro-intestinal toxæmia which resists any other form of treatment, to remove the colon and implant the ileum into the sigmoid, as recommended by Sir Arbuthnot Lane. [34, p. 699]
Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and asthma, eczema/hay fever, and frequent ear infections
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2018
Margaret Parker-Lalomio, Kenneth McCann, Julie Piorkowski, Sally Freels, Victoria W. Persky
Of the 800 live births includedTable 1 in the analysis, the mean pregnancy number was 2.53 (s.d. 1.52) and the mean birth order was 2.27 (s.d. 1.34). Women reported breastfeeding in 80.98% of children and reported using other drugs/medications during 10.83% of pregnancies, toxemia during 3.01%, and high blood pressure during 5.56% of pregnancies. A total of 10.13% of pregnancies occurred in mothers 35 and older while 3.00% occurred in mothers 18 and younger. Mothers reported other medical problems in 4.76% of pregnancies and 14.25% reported ever having miscarried while only 2.63% reported ever having a stillborn. The average birth weight of children in the cohort was 3301.61 g with 8.93% being considered low birth weight and 3.90% of infants reported as being born prematurely. In 327 live births (40.88%), the infant was considered unexposed, with exposure to only chlorinated naphthalenes occurring in an additional 230 (28.75%) births. The remaining births were considered exposed, with 131 (16.38%) having reported exposure of four fiscal quarters or less and 112 (14.00%) reporting more than four quarters of PCB exposure. There were 42 offspring considered to have asthma, 42 with eczema/hay fever, and 83 with frequent ear infections (data not shown).