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Sporothrix spp.
Published in Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro, Pocket Guide to Mycological Diagnosis, 2019
Anderson Messias Rodrigues, Rosane Orofino-Costa, Zoilo Pires de Camargo
Sporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic infection caused by the classical agent Sporothrix schenckii and the newly described species S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, and S. luriei (Marimon et al., 2007). Less frequent agents are classified in an environmental clade and include S. chilensis (Rodrigues et al., 2016b), S. pallida (Morrison et al., 2013), S. mexicana (Rodrigues et al., 2013b), and S. stenoceras (Dixon et al., 1991; Mayorga et al., 1978) (Figure 11.1).
Epidemiology of fungal infections: What, where, and when
Published in Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect, Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Frederic Lamoth, Sylvia F. Costa, Barbara D. Alexander
Large series of patients with sporotrichosis have been reported from Brazil and India [374,375]. In these series, both fixed cutaneous lesions and lymphangitic/lymphocutaneous forms are described. In a series of 304 patients with sporotrichosis, 96% of the patients had S. schenckii recovered in culture, whereas only 32% of cases from India had growth of the organism [374,375]. Occupational exposure is frequent, particularly in those jobs involving agricultural activities (farming, horticulture, and forestry). Exposure through hobbies such as carpentry, beekeeping, hunting, and fishing were also reported. Interestingly, while in the study from Brazil, males constituted 68.4% of the patients [210/306], in India females predominated. This was probably due to increased agricultural or horticultural exposure in these women. Upper extremities were predominantly affected, followed by the lower limbs. Though cutaneous and lymphangitic/lymphocutaneous are the most common presentations, unusual manifestations have been reported, involving buttock, abdomen, face, neck, presternal, periumbilical, and pubic region, while extracutaneous involvement was noted as osteomyelitis, oral lesions, and primary conjunctival S. schenckii infection [376]. In a zoonotic outbreak described between 1998 and 2001, 178 cases of culture-proven sporotrichosis were diagnosed [377]. Females predominated, and professional or domiciliary contact with cats was reported in 90.7% of patients, with many reporting traumatic injury preceding the symptoms. Sporotrichosis has been reported only in isolated cases of SOT patients [378–380].
Hands
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
Sporotrichosis is a fungal (Sporothrix schenckii) infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, most commonly due to puncture wounds sustained during gardening, particularly rose thorns – hence ‘Rose gardener’s disease’. It is a chronic disease that begins as a plaque/nodule at the puncture point that then tends to ulcerate if untreated. Rarely it may spread to the lungs or become disseminated. Definitive diagnosis requires fungal culture. It is usually treated with antifungals – itraconazole, terbinafine or fluconazole – for 3–6 months (at least a month after symptoms clear). Oral saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI) has also been used with some efficacy in the past, though its exact mechanism of action is unclear; it is cheap but poorly tolerated by most.
Exogenous fungal quorum sensing molecules inhibit planktonic cell growth and modulate filamentation and biofilm formation in the Sporothrix schenckii complex
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante, Vandbergue Santos Pereira, Augusto Feynman Dias Nobre, Jonathas Sales de Oliveira, Mirele Rodrigues Fernandes, Anderson da Cunha Costa, Anderson Messias Rodrigues, Zoilo Pires de Camargo, Waldemiro Aquino Pereira-Neto, José Júlio Costa Sidrim, Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous infection caused by dimorphic fungi belonging to the genus Sporothrix (Ramírez-Soto et al. 2018). It is the most common subcutaneous fungal infection worldwide, with high prevalence in countries, such as Brazil, India, Australia, South Africa, China and Japan (Lopes-Bezerra et al. 2018). Like other microorganisms, Sporothrix spp. have some adaptations to establish themselves in hostile environments, such as biofilm formation (Brilhante et al. 2018b; Singh et al. 2020). One of the important factors for the formation of biofilms is cellular communication mediated by the quorum sensing system. This system is involved in the secretion of self-inducing signaling molecules that accumulate and modulate microbial behavior on a population scale (Zhang et al. 2019).
Endemic pulmonary fungal diseases in immunocompetent patients: an emphasis on thoracic imaging
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2019
Ana Luiza Di Mango, Gláucia Zanetti, Diana Penha, Miriam Menna Barreto, Edson Marchiori
Sporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by a dimorphic fungus, Sporothrix genus, especially S schenckii, which is found in decaying vegetation such as rotting wood, sphagnum moss, rose thorns, and rich humus soil. S schenckii is found worldwide, but the majority of reported cases are from Asia and the Americas. The infection is generally acquired by minor traumatic cutaneous inoculation through contact with soil, plants, and organic matter contaminated with the fungus. Thus, it is an occupational illness of gardeners and forestry workers. Infection can also be related to zoonotic spread from infected cats. Less commonly, pulmonary sporotrichosis occurs as primary infection caused by inhalation of conidia. Pulmonary involvement has also been described in multisystem infections [53–57].
Ocular Manifestations of Sporotrichosis in a Hyperendemic Region in Brazil: Description of a Series of 120 Cases
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Andrea Arinelli, Ana L. Q. C. Aleixo, Dayvison F. S. Freitas, Antonio C. F. do Valle, Rodrigo Almeida-Paes, Ana L. Nobre Guimarães, Raquel V. C. Oliveira, Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo, André L. L. Curi
Eyelid lesion was the second most frequent (25%) ocular manifestation observed, affecting mainly the inferior eyelid (66.7%). Due to its similarity, sporotrichosis eyelid lesions could be misdiagnosed as hordeolum, chalazion,33,34 basal cell carcinoma, Meibomian glands carcinoma,35 or even lacrimal sac tumor.22 However, as the lesion progresses, sporotrichosis nodules usually ulcerate, giving a more characteristic aspect to it; besides, it is rarely painful.