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Infectious Disease Data from Surveillance, Outbreak Investigation, and Epidemiological Studies
Published in Leonhard Held, Niel Hens, Philip O’Neill, Jacco Wallinga, Handbook of Infectious Disease Data Analysis, 2019
Sentinel surveillance. For infectious diseases which are common and which do not require a public health response for every case (such as influenza), reporting of all cases in a country usually is not necessary for public health decision making. In these situations it may be more efficient to establish a sentinel surveillance system where only a selection of health service providers or laboratories report cases. Having only a subset of health service providers or laboratories involved in reporting can make it feasible to improve the quality of data through training of data providers and to enhance the data by collecting additional information or laboratory testing of cases, as outlined earlier. An example of sentinel surveillance established by many countries is the GP sentinel influenza surveillance, where GPs report patients consulting with acute ILI and take a respiratory swab from a sample of patients to test in a laboratory for influenza. This type of surveillance has proved invaluable to monitor the intensity of influenza transmission, the dominant circulating strains, and to act as a platform for vaccine effectiveness studies to measure the performance of seasonal influenza vaccine and inform optimal selection of vaccine strains by the annual WHO Vaccine composition meeting.
Surveillance challenges in resource-limited settings
Published in David L. Blazes, Sheri H. Lewis, Disease Surveillance, 2016
As described previously, sentinel surveillance systems are used when high-quality data are needed about a particular disease but cannot be obtained through a passive reporting system. Whereas passive systems usually received data from a large number of health facilities, a sentinel system involves only a limited number of carefully selected reporting sites (WHO 2014), usually with the aim of being representative of the larger population or in areas where there is high prevalence or incidence of a specific disease. Sentinel surveillance often focuses on high-frequency diseases (e.g., seasonal flu), occupationally exposed individuals, and high-risk key populations (e.g., sex workers, military) in order to signal trends and monitor the burden of disease in these communities, which often serve as precursors to disease trends in the general population.
International Aid and the Formation of Successful Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention Programs (CKDPP)
Published in Meguid El Nahas, Kidney Diseases in the Developing World and Ethnic Minorities, 2005
The WHO recognizes the difficulty to achieve ideal circumstances and therefore advises those in the developing world to follow a more practical approach. Therefore, one’s approach should be modified according to one’s capacity. Dr. Ruth Bonita, Director, NCD Surveillance Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health of the WHO, outlines the methods for achieving this (12). She highlights the need to develop a hierarchical framework to unify surveillance and prevention program activities, explaining that these should be flexible across a range of risks, conditions, ages, and areas. The program or research organizer is encouraged to develop standard methods and tools, which are adaptable to local settings. One needs to start with common core methods, tools, and treatments and then develop expanded and optional extras if possible or if resources arise. So if the only method available is lifestyle modification, then this is where one should start and not be discouraged to start from there. So the aim is to develop basic sentinel surveillance and treatment sites and then to add on to existing systems. One should remember the basic guiding principles on keeping it simple (Fig. 4).
A HIV diagnosis and treatment cascade for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of Australia
Published in AIDS Care, 2023
Jacqueline H. Stephens, Richard T Gray, Rebecca Guy, Tobias Vickers, James Ward
Separate HIV cascades were developed for each year during 2010–2017 for Aboriginal peoples, using three data sources: (i) the National HIV Registry for diagnosed cases (Kirby Institute, 2019b); (ii) the outcomes of the European Center for Disease Control (ECDC) HIV modelling tool (ECDC, 2017) to estimate the proportion of PLWH but not yet diagnosed; and (iii) de-identified patient data from the Australian Collaboration for Coordinated Enhanced Sentinel Surveillance of Sexually Transmissible Infections and Blood-borne Viruses (ACCESS) (Kirby Institute, 2019a) for received any care and retention in care, as well as treatment uptake and outcomes. The diagnosis components were calculated separately to the care and treatment components and then compiled into a complete cascade. A description of the specific methods used for each step of the cascade is described below.
Poor outcomes among elderly patients hospitalized for influenza-like illness
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2018
Mine Durusu Tanriover, Tülay Bagci Bosi, Lale Ozisik, Emre Bilgin, Özlem Güzel Tunçcan, Özge Özgen, Necla Tülek, Metin Özsoy, Hasan Tezer, Tugba Bedir Demirdağ, Ates Kara, Sevgen Tanir Basaranoglu, Kubra Aykac, Aslinur Ozkaya-Parlakay, Belgin Gulhan, Serhat Unal
Surveillance systems are in the focus of epidemiological and scientific research since they provide valuable real-time information on the extent and burden of infectious diseases in real life settings and set a basis for pandemic preparedness and the needs of health care services9. A national Sentinel Influenza Surveillance Network that is based on the primary health care system was established in 2005 in Turkey. Since then, surveillance has provided valuable information on the influenza season, viruses in circulation, matching between circulating viruses and vaccine composition and antiviral resistance rates. However, considering the fact that family physicians in general see patients who do not require hospitalization, data retrieved through sentinel surveillance does not provide enough information on the burden of influenza and infections with other respiratory viruses. Therefore, in order to better understand the burden of disease, hospital-based surveillance is essential. Many countries run syndromic surveillance for ILI in emergency departments10. Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN) is a recent initiative that aims to document the burden of influenza infections among acute admissions and vaccine effectiveness in particular countries. Turkey has been involved in the network since the 2012–2013 season as a partner in GIHSN and has contributed to scientific data on disease burden and vaccine effectiveness since then11,12.
Real-world impact and effectiveness assessment of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine: a systematic review of study designs and data sources
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Wei Wang, Smita Kothari, Marc Baay, Suzanne M. Garland, Anna R. Giuliano, Mari Nygård, Christine Velicer, Joseph Tota, Anushua Sinha, Jozica Skufca, Thomas Verstraeten, Karin Sundström
Current cervical screening programs use cervicovaginal exfoliated cells, typically for HPV detection and subsequent triage methods. In program settings that save test residuals, linkage of vaccine and screening registries can be performed to identify samples of interest and then perform HPV typing to estimate VE in vaccinated women, as well as potentially type replacement after vaccination [101]. There are several alternative sampling methods we identified in our search, apart from clinician-obtained tests. In combination with high-risk HPV assays based on polymerase chain reaction, testing of self-collected samples is as accurate as clinician samples [188]. Furthermore, first-void urine showed good agreement in HPV DNA viral load with reference cervical samples and provides a noninvasive method which may be preferable to participants [189]. Urine samples have already been used in VE studies in females [31,165], but the sensitivity of HPV detection in urine in males is lower [190–192], and male urine samples are thus currently not strongly endorsed for VE studies. To monitor the effectiveness of male HPV vaccination programs, a sentinel surveillance model offers an appropriate strategy [193]. Monitoring HPV genotypes over time will detect changes in circulating HPV types. Sampling of the penile shaft, the glans, the coronal sulcus, and the scrotum provides the highest detection rates as these sites are most likely to become colonized with HPV during intercourse [193]. Swabbing without abrasion is acceptable to participants and allows for self-collected samples [193]. Several examples of this approach have been published [38,62,123,126,149,169]. In summary, the growing utilization of molecular tests and self-sampling options will enhance our ability to conduct VE and impact studies on large populations.