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Coronaviruses, History, Classification, and COVID–19
Published in Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
Ushmita Gupta Bakshi, Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the coronavirus family as it has remarkable similarity with the SARS virus, the virus that caused severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2002 (WHO, 2020: 36). Several studies have confirmed that the SARS virus of 2002 first originated in bats (initial host) where it mutated and achieved the ability to infect other hosts (intermediate host). Naturally, coronaviruses are benign but they might gain the ability to cause severe diseases in humans if they undergo appropriate mutations in primary and intermediate hosts. After severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the SARS virus in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome by the MERS virus in 2012, in 2019, SARS-CoV-2, a member of the same family, first mutated inside bats (primary host), then jumped to an intermediate host (the actual source of the intermediate host is still under investigation), and it further mutated and gained the ability to infect human beings, causing COVID-19 (WHO, 2020). Several studies have revealed that viruses (including coronaviruses) possess the tendency to undergo periodic mutations which provides them with the ability to cross the species barrier. This phenomenon is known as a zoonotic spillover event, a term used to indicate the situation when a virus overcomes the naturally occurring barriers necessary to “spillover” from one species to another. An accurate prediction of a viral-spill timeframe is not easy as it involves multiple factors (Figure 1.4).
COVID-19, social anxiety, and economic-political crisis in Hong Kong
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Victor Zheng, Anthony Y.H. Fung
Specifically, when the virus first broke out in late January 2020, although the number of confirmed infected cases was few, Hong Kong could remember the painful experience of the 2003 SARS virus outbreak, so largely, the general public quickly became panicked and seriously concerned. Wearing a face mask has been proven to be one of the key ways for reducing the risk of contracting the disease, and keeping good personal hygiene and having a clean-living environment are also considered effective ways to slow the spread of virus and protect oneself, these measures though meant that whether a household had sufficient PPE became a great concern for many people. Shortages of PPE and drastic price increases of PPE had stirred public concern and criticism of the government’s response to handling the outbreak.
Out of Nowhere
Published in Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey, Viral Pandemics, 2020
Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey
Over the next 4 months, humans carried the SARS virus to 30 countries and areas of the world but it became deeply embedded in just six. In affected areas, approximately 20% of all cases were in healthcare workers. Ultimately, 8439 people were infected and 812 died from SARS in the 2002–2003 outbreak.49 There were four cases of confirmed SARS in Guangdong province in the winter of 2003–2004; all patients recovered. Since 2004, there has never been another identified case of SARS.
Investigation of vaginal and rectal swabs of women infected with COVID-19 in two hospitals covered by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2020
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Zoleikha Atarod, Marzieh Zamaniyan, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Reza Valadan, Seyed Mohsen Soleimanirad, Noushin Gordani
The routes of transmission of the virus have not been fully determined, but older studies examining the stability of the SARS virus in human samples and environments have shown that the virus can survive in serum, sputum diluted in a ratio 1:20, in faecal for at least 96 hours, and for at least 72 hours with low levels of infection in the urine (Duan 2003). Viral RNA has been identified in respiratory (Hoehl et al. 2020), stool, whole blood (Pan et al. 2020), serum (Huang et al. 2020; Zou et al. 2020), saliva (Han and Yang 2020) and urine samples (Zou et al. 2020) from symptomatic patients. In COVID-19 patients with conjunctivitis, the viral RNA was detected in tears and conjunctival secretions (Ganyani et al. 2020). But the role of these sites in virus transmission is unclear yet (Chen et al. 2020; Cheung et al. 2020; Colavita et al. 2020; Gu et al. 2020). Several reports have described the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from faecal samples, even after the virus RNA was no longer detected in the upper respiratory tract samples (Cheung et al. 2020; Gu et al. 2020).
The chimera of S1 and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2: can it be a potential vaccine candidate for COVID-19?
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Amresh Kumar, Amit Ladha, Ankita Choudhury, Abu Md Ashif Ikbal, Bedanta Bhattacharjee, Tanmay Das, Gaurav Gupta, Chhavi Sharma, Adity Sarbajna, Subhash C Mandal, Manabendra Dutta Choudhury, Nahid Ali, Petr Slama, Nima Rezaei, Partha Palit, Onkar Nath Tiwari
Hence, this review article systemically discusses the importance of the S and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2, and investigates whether the combination of multivalent-mixed recombinant protein (S-1 + N chimera) can emerge as a novel and effective vaccine against COVID-19 with selective immune response (Figure 1). We also discussed whether this mixed protein-based polyvalent vaccine can be used against the new variants of SARS-CoV-2. Google Scholars, PubMed, and Taylor Francis, Science Direct, Willey, and Springer journal search engines databases were used to find historical scientific literature on vaccine development against the SARS virus, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). SARS virus, COVID-19 vaccine, influenza vaccine, RSV vaccine, mutated variant of SARS-CoV-2, S-1 and N proteins, T cells, B cells, antibody, chimeric recombinant protein mixture, and polyvalent vaccine candidate were used as keywords for searching in the above-mentioned search engines. Following a comprehensive search, the abstracts of relevant publications were obtained and stored in databases for analysis and research to extract themes, outcomes for reporting, hypothetical opinions, and discussion and expert opinion, and for deriving a conclusion regarding the topic .
Ventilator-induced barotrauma in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a retrospective observational study
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2021
Anuraag Sah, Emilio J. Fabian, Carlos Remolina
Since originating in Wuhan, SARS-CoV-2, a distant cousin of the original SARS virus that caused a pandemic in early 2003, has spread globally causing a pandemic. Upon review, there is limited literature regarding mechanically intubated patients with SARS virus (SARS-CoV) and association with barotrauma. In our retrospective study, 19% of patients developed barotrauma with mechanical intubation. In Lew et al. retrospective case series, 40 out of 199 patients with SARS-CoV developed severe acute respiratory syndrome requiring invasive mechanical intubation with 9 patients (22.5%) developing barotrauma [6]. Fowler et al. describe a case series with the SARS virus where 25 patients out of 196 patients required invasive mechanical ventilation and 10 out of the 25 patients (40%) developed barotrauma [7]. Kao et al. analyzed mechanically ventilated patients with SARS-CoV in a prospective case series and found out that 5 out of 41 intubated patients (12.2%) developed barotrauma [8].