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Face Masks and Hand Sanitizers
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Shahzad Sharif, Mahnoor Zahid, Maham Saeed, Izaz Ahmad, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Rizwan Ahmad
Coronavirus basically spreads through transmission of aerosols and droplets from the asymptomatic persons during the process of breathing and speaking. Method of transferring infection is altered through the size of droplets. The droplets which are greater than 20 micrometers have more tendency to stay on the objects due to gravitational force, while droplets smaller than 10 micrometers will remain in the air. Those with size of 1 micrometer can travel more than 20 feet after strong sneezing and coughing [7, 8]. An analysis was performed on the respiratory aerosols of COVID-19 patients without masks which were detected to contain coronavirus. But the respiratory droplets of the patients with masks were not tested positive for coronavirus [9–11].
Healthcare Disaster Prediction with IoT, Data Analytics, and Machine Learning
Published in Adarsh Garg, D. P. Goyal, Global Healthcare Disasters, 2023
Priyanka Shukla, Akanksha Sehgal, Sonia, Deepika Sherawat
Every year huge populations get affected by natural disasters or man-made disasters all over the world. Many of the people get homeless, or injured due to disaster. Disaster directly or indirectly affects the health of the population. People need extra care during the disaster or after the disaster. After the disaster, the population gets so many health issues like, mental health issues, communicable diseases spread after natural disasters, safety risks, and various others. Because of the disaster, so many people die. This gives mental tension to the people. If the disaster has happened due to any communicable disease, then it will affect the people who come in contact with many others. Like in 2020, a pandemic due to COVID-19 has occurred (Khaitan et al., 2020). Coronavirus is a communicable disease that spreads due to contact with a person, from sneezing, coughing. So as to prevent community spread of the disease restrictions were put by the governments. Not just life, so many people have lost their jobs because of its impact on the economy of nations. There are so many types of health issues that are caused by disaster which have direct impact on health like injury, communicable disease, acute illness, chronic illness, psychological effects, and some indirect impact on people due to disaster are loss of primary healthcare and impact on normal living conditions. Various types of health issues that are impacted by disaster are:
Biology of Coronaviruses and Predicted Origin of SARS-CoV-2
Published in Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Lundstrom, COVID-19, 2022
Giorgio Palù, Alberto Reale, Nicolas G. Bazan, Pritam Kumar Panda, Vladimir N. Uversky, Murat Seyran, Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Samendra P. Sherchan, Gajendra Kumar Azad, Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz, Parise Adadi, Murtaza M. Tambuwala, Bruce D. Uhal, Kazuo Takayama, Ángel Serrano-Aroca, Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Adam M. Brufsky, Kenneth Lundstrom
In 2003, the previously mentioned SARS-CoV caused an epidemic of viral pneumonia in humans in China and Hong Kong [19]. As zoonotic pathogens, coronaviruses have a wide range of hosts such as, birds, bats, mice, and humans, and they mainly affect the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, and the heart. Coronaviruses are a broad group of viruses that typically cause mild to severe illnesses in the upper respiratory tract. Since the millenium, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have arisen from animal sources to cause severe respiratory disease and high mortality in humans.
Potential use of endemic human coronaviruses to stimulate immunity against pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 and its variants
Published in Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2023
Narges S. Shamabadi, Anisah B. Bagasra, Shrikant Pawar, Omar Bagasra
In a significant fraction of SARS-CoV-2-unexposed humans, cross-reactive T cells and antibodies that recognized both eCOVIDs and SARS-CoV-2 were found. Additionally, when humans were naturally exposed to SARS-CoV2, there were increases in immune responses toward the eCOVIDs. Epidemiological analyses confirmed that there is a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality with SARS-CoV-2 in the regions of the globe where exposure to eCOVIDs is significant due to cultural and religious traditions. We propose that a genetically engineered nasal spray vaccine composed of various proteins from eCOVIDS that produce protective immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 would be highly beneficial as an inexpensive vaccine (s). Such a vaccine would protect against a wide variety of pathogenic coronaviruses, will be affordable for low-income nations, and will be easy to deliver [81,82].
Using Protection Motivation Theory to Predict Adherence to COVID-19 Behavioral Guidelines
Published in Behavioral Medicine, 2023
Gabriel Nudelman, Shanmukh Vasant Kamble, Kathleen Otto
The world is currently facing a global pandemic—the coronavirus disease (COVID-19)—caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).1 As of June 18, 2021, over 175 million cases of COVID-19 have been diagnosed worldwide, and close to four million deaths have been confirmed to be caused by the disease.2 Though vaccines have been developed, they are still not available to the entire population, and supportive care is currently the main treatment for most patients.3 At present, prevention of coronavirus transmission through behavioral means—specifically, social distancing, using face masks and maintaining hand hygiene—is an effective and widespread way to reduce the rate of infection.4,5 Indeed, behavioral guidelines of health organizations and governments worldwide promote these behaviors.6 However, people are not uniformly engaging in these protective behaviors, even though they were, until recently, the public’s only means of fighting the pandemic.7 For example, the percentage of people that reported always wearing a mask outside their home in the beginning of August 2020 differed substantially across countries, ranging from only 3% in Denmark to 93% in Spain.8
Evaluation of risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Mai Ngoc Luu, Shamael Thabit Mohammed Alhady, Minh Duc Nguyen Tran, Le Van Truong, Ahmad Qarawi, U. Venkatesh, Ranjit Tiwari, Ian Christopher Naungayan Rocha, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Rohanti Ravikulan, Shyam Prakash Dumre, Hoang Thi Nam Giang, Dmytro Pavlenko, Fatmaelzahraa Yasser Ali, Bao-Tran Do Le, Sedighe Karimzadeh, Parshal Bhandari, Jaffer Shah, Jeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz, Nguyen Tien Huy
We found that participants with a history of SARS or MERS infection before the COVID-19 outbreak significantly had increased odds of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 too. To date, there are no adequate studies evaluating the immunity against COVID-19 following a prior coronavirus infection. Previous studies indicated that antibody responses to coronavirus were transient and waned rapidly after infection, contributing to the risk of reinfection20,21. The study of Anderson et al. also reported that antibodies against seasonal human coronavirus were boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection but were not associated with protection against this infection22. Another possible mechanism is the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) occurrence, similar to dengue infections when a second infection is caused by a different virus strain23. Longitudinal studies are required to evaluate the relationship between the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the history of other coronavirus infections.