China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Expectorants during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Approximately 15 percent of women take cold-flu-allergy medications for upper respiratory infections and nasal congestion (Haas et al., 2018). The drug classes include decongestants, antihistamines, expectorants, and antitussives. The most frequent respiratory condition in pregnant women is the “common cold.” It is also the most frequent indication for using an antihistamine, decongestant and/or expectorant regimen (Hornby and Abraham, 1996). These drugs are only treating symptoms because there is no cure for rhinovirus infections, and the illness runs its course.
Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
This group of viruses is responsible for the majority of the viral-induced acute upper respiratory diseases. As a consequence, the rhinovirus has long been a major target for viral chemotherapy programs [121]. Despite such concentrated efforts, however, no drug is yet available that will effectively treat the common cold.
Nasal problems in the athlete
Published in John W. Dickinson, James H. Hull, Complete Guide to Respiratory Care in Athletes, 2020
Acute rhinosinusitis is most frequently the result of viral infection, predominantly rhinovirus (i.e. the common cold virus). Chronic rhinosinusitis, where symptoms last longer than 12 weeks, is generally divided into cases with (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyps (CRSsNP).
The role of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like-lectin-1 (siglec-1) in immunology and infectious disease
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2023
Shane Prenzler, Santosh Rudrawar, Mario Waespy, Sørge Kelm, Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie, Thomas Haselhorst
Rhinoviruses, single-stranded RNA viruses belong to the Picornaviridae family. Rhinovirus is believed to manipulate the expression of Siglec-1 on DCs by induction [25]. The induction of Siglec-1 expression on DCs results in an increased interaction between Siglec-1 and CD43 on T-cells impeding any adaptive immune response [25]. DCs that have undergone induction of Siglec-1 interfere with the appropriate recognition and activation of the T-cell from the antigen presenting cell [25]. Under normal circumstances CD43 receptors on T-cells relocate away to the opposite pole from the synapse between the antigen presenting cell and the T-cell allowing for interaction and activation of the T-cell [25]. Other inhibitory receptors are also present and upregulated during rhinovirus infection such as B7-H1 [25]. However, antibody studies showed that blocking of B7-H1 does not restore function of dendritic cells for the activation of T-cells and that both Siglec-1 and B7-H1 are required antibody blockade to see a restoration of function [25]. It is thought that such dysregulation of the adaptive immune system may increase the frequency of complications to rhinovirus such as otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia and bronchitis [25, 55].
Management of acute upper respiratory tract infection: the role of early intervention
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
De Yun Wang, Ronald Eccles, John Bell, Antonio Hao Chua, Sundeep Salvi, Natalie Schellack, Paulette Marks, Yong Chiat Wong
Emerging evidence support for use of nonspecific mucoadhesive polymers like carrageenan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as intranasal matrixes against respiratory infections. This lack of viral specificity has been clinically demonstrated across different mucoadhesive gel nasal sprays with similar physico-chemical formulations with reduced duration and severity of URTI symptoms being observed. This data helps validate the notion that mucoadhesive gel nasal sprays that have nonspecific actions against respiratory viruses are most likely to be effective in the early stages of an URTI. Mucoadhesive gel nasal sprays can be used when URTI symptoms initially manifest, on the virtue that they will minimize further virus replication and decrease overall impact of the infection. In addition, acute application can be recommended for people who suspect they have been being exposed to sources of infection. Given the incubation period of the rhinovirus, the most common cause of URTI, is about 1–5 days, continuous application for 4 days in the absence of URTI symptoms or daily use until symptoms subside is the recommended usage regimen.
Role of fever and ambient temperature in COVID-19
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Muhammad Hamdan Gul, Zin Mar Htun, Asad Inayat
Bats are known to have a vast reservoir of corona-viruses, and COVID-19 is likely to have its origin in bats [9]. During the flight, the bats increase the metabolic rate by 15–16 fold, which is accompanied by high fevers. Daily high temperatures, in the setting of high metabolic rates, attained during the flight activates the immunity and has been proposed as a mechanism through which the bats can harbor pathogenic viruses [10]. The effect of fever or the ambient temperature has been studied previously on other viruses. In the experimental mammalian models, the higher ambient temperature has been shown to enhance resistance against the herpes simplex virus [11]), poliovirus [12], Coxsackie B virus [13], rabies virus [14], influenza virus [15], and gastroenteritis virus [16](Table 1). A population-based study estimated that the use of antipyretic drugs to suppress fever would increase the cases and mortality in influenza [17]. In a randomized controlled trial on 56 volunteers infected with the Rhinovirus, the use of aspirin and acetaminophen was associated with increased nasal symptoms and decreased neutralizing antibody response [18]. In another randomized clinical trial on 72 children, the use of acetaminophen was associated with an increased duration of scabbing in childhood varicella infection [19].