China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Medicinal Plants Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Binish Khaliq, Naila Ali, Ahmed Akrem, M. Yasin Ashraf, Arif Malik, Arifa Tahir, M. Zia-Ul-Haq
COVID-19 used the ACE2 receptor as a bridge for transmission in humans. In 2020, Chen, and his colleagues demonstrated that spike glycoprotein of SARS-Coronavirus and COVID-19 has 72% structural similarities but SARS Coronavirus-2 RBD showed the better interaction with ACE2 as compare to the COVID-19 coronavirus [3]. ACE2 inhibitors take part to alter the binding site of RBD and mass infection caused by COVID-19. In addition, Wrapp and his colleagues [32] confirmed that spike protein of COVID-19 showed a higher similarity with ACE2 than SARS-Coronavirus [32]. Anti SARS drugs were used for blocking of SARS-Coronavirus with ACE2 inhibitors [33]. However, recent research has been shown that high blood pressure and diabetes remarkably provoked the infection chance of COVID-19 in the face of using Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitors [34–36]. Ibuprofen, angiotensin II type-I receptor stoper, and Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitors given on to ACE2 upregulation, which is need to use alternative ACE2 blockers [37].
A Way Forward
Published in Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey, Viral Pandemics, 2020
Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey
The SARS coronavirus emerged from caves in China in late 2002, carried by horseshoe bats via intermediate hosts to infect thousands of people over a 6-month period. During that short time, oblivious, infected individuals carried the virus on airplanes to all corners of the globe. The sudden emergence of a novel pathogen from an animal reservoir allowed global spread to occur before the virulence of the virus was recognized.
Ribavirin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Emily Woolnough, Amanda Wade, Joe Sasadeusz
The role of ribavirin in the treatment of SARS, caused by infection with the SARS coronavirus, remains incompletely understood. During the SARS epidemic, a wide variety of ribavirin dosing regimens were used, often in combination with steroids or other therapies, but variability in the context and design of the studies made efficacy difficult to assess.
Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of COVID-19 Pfizer-BioNTech (Bnt162b2) mRNA vaccination in immunocompromised adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analyses
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Patrick DMC Katoto, Mireille AM Kakubu, Jacques L. Tamuzi, Amanda S. Brand, Adaeze Ayuk, Liliane N. Byamungu, Charles S. Wiysonge, Glenda Gray
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic caused by the SARS-coronavirus-19 type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in about (as of 5:01 pm CET, 11 November 2022) 630,832,131 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 6,584,104 deaths, reported to WHO [1]. The pandemic has afflicted all population groups, including children, adolescents, and young adults, despite their milder course [2]. Children and adolescents, and young adults with comorbidities such as chronic lung disorders, obesity, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, solid organ transplant, malignancies, or rheumatic diseases, as demonstrated in adult populations, have a higher risk of severe diseases with outcomes such as multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), intensive care unit (ICU) or life support needs, and increased hazards of death [3–7]. Furthermore, COVID-19 clinical presentation in adolescents, and young adults with comorbidities is uncommon and may not follow the conventional epidemiological profile. Adolescents, and young adults with comorbidities, for example, may acquire MIS-C even after a moderate illness, especially if they have already been exposed to an infected adult [8,9]. Adolescents, and young adults with Down syndrome face an additional risk due to their low immunity, putting them at risk of getting serious COVID-19-related disorders [10]. Similarly, certain comorbidities may expose adolescents, and young adults to a more severe form of SARS-CoV-2 than others. According to global cancer data, 20% of children with cancer acquire severe SARS-CoV-2 infection [9].
Potential use of endemic human coronaviruses to stimulate immunity against pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 and its variants
Published in Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2023
Narges S. Shamabadi, Anisah B. Bagasra, Shrikant Pawar, Omar Bagasra
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large group of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family [1,2]. Two species of coronavirus- namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), have caused global outbreaks in 2003 and 2012, respectively [1–4]. In late December 2019, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in patients with viral pneumonia in Wuhan City, China [1] and is now commonly known as COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2. As of September 2022, there have been over 600 million confirmed cases worldwide and an estimated 6.5 million deaths due to SARS-CoV-2. In the US, there are over one million confirmed deaths due to the virus. The mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 is estimated to be about 1% which dwarfs the impact of the related SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), which caused about 8,000 infections and 800 deaths (~10% mortality) and MERS-CoV which carries a mortality rate of 40–50% [3,5].
Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of coronavirus disease: a review
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Manoj Kumar Sarangi, Sasmita Padhi, Shrivardhan Dheeman, Santosh Kumar Karn, L. D. Patel, Dong Kee Yi, Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
The patent application (WO2010063685) by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) reported a vaccine composed of an oil-in-water emulsion, to be administerd as an adjuvant along with an S protein immunogen, which is useful for inducing IgG2a- or IgG2b-mediated antibody responses against SARS-CoV infection. GSK has collaborated with Clover Biopharmaceuticals, China, to develop this COVID-19 vaccine [13,141]. Another patent application (US20070003577) by GSK reported the development of a Tri Spike SARS coronavirus vaccine using the recombinant full-length trimeric S protein; this can exhibit native antigenicity, show specific binding affinity to the soluble ACE2 receptor, and promote antibody-dependent viral entry, thereby increasing its efficacy in the human body [13]. Chinese consortium of Antigen Express, Inc., and Generex filed a patent (US20060002947) for technological improvements to develop a viral peptide vaccine. Human clinical trials have been conducted using the I-Key activation technology [13,142].