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HIV/AIDS
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
The development of pre-exposure prophylaxis, also known as PrEP, has been another game changer in HIV prevention strategy. PrEP was approved in 2013, after a clinical trial in 2010 with men who have sex with men indicated that there was a 44% reduction in HIV-negative individuals acquiring HIV from an HIV-positive partner if the PrEP regimen was used (UNAIDS 2021a; Lostroh 2019; Grant et al. 2010). PrEP typically involves two antiretroviral drugs (Gulick and Flexner 2019). This research also informed recommendations released in 2012 for what are known as “serodiscordant” or “discordant” couples, where one partner is HIV positive and the other is HIV negative (UNAIDS 2021a).
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Aarthy K. Uthayakumar, Christopher B. Bunker
HIV prevention with increased education on sexual practices, access to health services, and behavioral interventions, have led to reduced transmission in lowand middle-income countries by 30%.3 ARV treatment can decrease HIV transmission by 96%. The use of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in patients at higher risk of HIV acquisition, in both heterosexual and MSM populations, is now recommended. Combination therapy with oral tenofovir-emtricitabine taken daily or on-demand prior to potential risk, is highly efficacious in preventing HIV infection in MSM; 86% in 2 phase 3 randomized controlled trials.2
Substance Use Disorder, Intentional Self-Harm, Gun Violence, and HIV/AIDS
Published in Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson, Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson
Prevention of HIV is a key strategy for those at high risk. Along with general prevention practices such as safe sex (e.g. abstinence, limiting sexual partners, and condom use), pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP) may be prescribed. PreP involves the daily use of antiretroviral (ARV) medications by HIV-negative people to block the acquisition of HIV for those considered at substantial risk of infection (e.g. sexually active gay and bisexual adult men, individuals who inject drugs, partners of infected people). Additionally, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is accomplished via a 28-day cycle of ARVs within 72 hours of potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection.53
Reasons for not Using HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among Gay and Bisexual Men in Australia: Mixed-Methods Analyses from a National, Online, Observational Study
Published in Behavioral Medicine, 2023
Steven P. Philpot, Garrett Prestage, Martin Holt, Lisa Maher, Bridget Haire, Adam Bourne, Mohamed A. Hammoud
HIV pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is a biomedical prevention strategy involving the use of antiretroviral drugs by HIV-negative people. PrEP is at least as effective as condoms at preventing HIV.1 In 2018 in Australia, PrEP was approved for public subsidy on Australia’s universal healthcare system, Medicare, ensuring that citizens or permanent residents who need it have subsidized access, costing $41 per bottle of 30 pills if bought from a pharmacy or $6.60 per bottle if a person has a concession card (those receiving benefits from the government).2 Those on temporary visas (such as international students) are able to access free sexual health testing in Australia and obtain a PrEP script, but are not eligible to access subsidized PrEP costs on Medicare. In New South Wales, Australia, the rapid uptake of PrEP among GBM coincided with a significant decline in HIV diagnoses state-wide.3 However, GBM continue to account for the majority (`70%) of new HIV diagnoses in Australia.4
LGBTPQ Youth Negotiating Access to Sexual Health Education and Resources in a Rural South African University
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2022
Neo learned about sexual behaviors through accessing pornographic materials online. However, she is aware that “pornography is not reality” and as such its role as a potential educational platform regarding safe sex is limited. She demonstrates agency in the ability to be a critical consumer of pornography as she does not simply accept what she sees in pornography in the way it is sensationalized. She is able to assess the health risks of what she watches and then decides whether or not she would “try it.” Asked to elaborate on her understanding of what counts as risky or safe sex, Neo responded as follows: We have to understand the fact that sex is as much as it is about pleasure there are health risks that come with it. Safe sex is using condoms, and taking PrEP [HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis]. There are lot of STIs out there, there is HIV and AIDS. If you don’t know the [HIV] status of the person you are sexually active with, it’s better to be safe than to be sorry.
“Some of us, we don’t know where we’re going to be tomorrow.” Contextual factors affecting PrEP use and adherence among a diverse sample of transgender women in San Francisco
Published in AIDS Care, 2020
Sean R. Cahill, JoAnne Keatley, S. Wade Taylor, Jae Sevelius, Steven A. Elsesser, Sophia R. Geffen, Tim Wang, Kenneth H. Mayer
Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention (PrEP) is effective in reducing HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men (MSM) (Grant et al., 2010), heterosexuals (Baeten et al., 2012), and people who inject drugs (Choopanya et al., 2013). A limited number of TW have been included in some of the initial clinical trials of PrEP. A subanalysis of transgender participants in the iPrEx study and in the iPrEx Open Label Extension (OLE) study found zero effectiveness among this group on an intention to treat basis (Deutsch et al., 2015), with low uptake and adherence a hypothesized factor contributing to this, although questions about the interactions of exogenous hormones and tenofovir entry into tissues remain. However, the analysis of the transgender subgroups of two PrEP clinical research trials demonstrated some efficacy among the minority of TW who were adherent to daily PrEP (Ibid).