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HIV/AIDS
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
The development of pre-exposure prophylaxis, also known as PrEP, has been another game changer in HIV prevention strategy. PrEP was approved in 2013, after a clinical trial in 2010 with men who have sex with men indicated that there was a 44% reduction in HIV-negative individuals acquiring HIV from an HIV-positive partner if the PrEP regimen was used (UNAIDS 2021a; Lostroh 2019; Grant et al. 2010). PrEP typically involves two antiretroviral drugs (Gulick and Flexner 2019). This research also informed recommendations released in 2012 for what are known as “serodiscordant” or “discordant” couples, where one partner is HIV positive and the other is HIV negative (UNAIDS 2021a).
Learning Engineering is Human-Centered
Published in Jim Goodell, Janet Kolodner, Learning Engineering Toolkit, 2023
Khanh-Phuong Thai, Scotty D. Craig, Jim Goodell, Jodi Lis, Jordan Richard Schoenherr, Janet Kolodner
This case study describes the design process for an interactive role-playing game that was developed in Ghana to encourage behavior change among a population that was engaging in risky sexual behavior. Key populations—people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender persons, sex workers, and prisoners—experience major barriers to accessing HIV prevention, treatment, and other health services. The challenge was to develop tailored and integrated strategies to educate these populations about positive living and accessing HIV prevention, care, and treatment services.
Neuroinfectious Diseases
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Jeremy D. Young, Jesica A. Herrick, Scott Borgetti
N. meningitidis of serogroups B, C, and Y account for most invasive meningococcal disease in the United States, although the rate of disease has been decreasing in recent years likely due to routine administration of quadrivalent (ACWY) meningococcal conjugate vaccine for adolescents. The incidence of serogroups A, C, W, and Y combined declined 76% among persons aged 11–20 years from 2006–2010 to 2011–2015. From 1996 to 2015, the incidence of meningococcal disease declined among all age groups.4 One group recently recognized to be at increased risk of meningococcal disease is men who have sex with men (MSM), especially if they are HIV-infected.5 In addition, patients with terminal complement deficiencies (C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9) have a notably increased risk of invasive infection with meningococcus.
Associations between sexual stigma, enacted HIV stigma, internalized HIV stigma and homonegativity, and depression: testing an extended minority stress model among men who have sex with men living with HIV in India
Published in AIDS Care, 2022
Venkatesan Chakrapani, Trace Kershaw, Jasvir Kaur, Murali Shunmugam, Ruban Nelson, Pandara Purayil Vijin, Magesh Rajan, Thilakavathi Subramanian
Men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV face high levels of mental health burden, especially depression. A 2020 meta-analysis found that pooled prevalence of depression in MSM living with HIV (MSMLH) was 43% (Xiao et al., 2020). In India, MSM have a higher prevalence of depression compared to heterosexual men as high as 35.3% vs. 13.9% (Chakrapani et al., 2017) (Poongothai et al., 2009), highlighting health inequalities. The minority stress model has been used to explain the mental health inequities among MSM, which postulates that sexual minority stress contributes to elevated risk for negative mental health outcomes, such as depression (Brooks, 1981; Meyer, 2003). Despite the decriminalization of adult consensual same-sex relationships in 2018 in India (Dixit, 2020), and the passing of HIV/AIDS Act, 2017, which prohibits and punishes discrimination against people living with HIV, discrimination against MSM and people living with HIV persists (Chakrapani, Newman, et al., 2020; Yuvaraj et al., 2020).
From declining PrEP to PrEP initiation as “first nature” – what changes PrEP initiation decisions among young, Black MSM
Published in AIDS Care, 2022
Wenting Huang, Annie Lockard, Colleen F. Kelley, David P. Serota, Charlotte-Paige M. Rolle, Patrick S. Sullivan, Eli S. Rosenberg, Aaron J. Siegler
Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) bear a disproportionate burden of new HIV infections, and within this group there are disparities, with young Black MSM (YBMSM) particularly impacted. In Atlanta, Black MSM have an alarmingly high HIV prevalence (43%) compared to White MSM (13%) (Sullivan et al., 2014). YBMSM aged 18–24 have a higher HIV incidence of 10.9/100 person-years compared to those aged above 25 (Sullivan et al., 2015). Despite having comparable or lower rates of risk behaviors than young White MSM, YBMSM’s risk of HIV infection among is substantially higher (Millett et al., 2007, 2012). Structural racism contributed to these disparities can be observed in differential levels of poverty, stigma, access to healthcare, and delayed HIV diagnosis among Black MSM (Goodreau et al., 2017; Millett et al., 2006; Mustanski et al., 2019).
Behavioral and Clinical Characteristics of Self-Identified Bisexual Men Living with HIV Receiving Medical Care in the United States—Medical Monitoring Project, 2009-2013
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2021
Mark S. Freedman, Linda Beer, Christine L. Mattson, Patrick S. Sullivan, Jacek Skarbinski
Gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) represent the majority of new HIV diagnoses in the United States; in 2016, gay and bisexual men accounted for 67% of all new HIV infections and 83% of new HIV infections among men (CDC, 2015). MSM are a heterogeneous group with regards to sexual identity, sexual preference, and sexual behaviors. The term MSM first appeared in publications in 1992 (Lifson, 1992) and was introduced to connote that these men’s risk was based on behaviors rather than sexual identity or orientation. The ongoing use of the term MSM has been criticized within the gay and public health communities, with many feeling it muddles social meanings (Young & Meyer, 2005) and does not capture the nuanced identities, behaviors, lives, and well-being of men (Truong, Perez-Brumer, Burton, Gipson, & Hickson, 2016). Sexual identities and practices are also known to change over time (Truong et al., 2016). Understanding how bisexual identity relates to sexual behavior could help to identify men at risk for transmitting HIV and inform health-related programs and interventions designed to reduce this risk.