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A Pharmacological Appraisal of Antimalarial Plant Species
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Mahwahwatse J. Bapela, Precious B. Ramontja, Mcebisi J. Mabuza
Plasmodium ovale is a protozoal parasite that causes tertian malaria in humans and comprises a relatively limited distribution range, which is restricted to West Africa, the Philippines and eastern Indonesia (Sitali et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2019). The parasitic P. malariae species is characterized by low global prevalence and milder clinical manifestations, and is widespread throughout sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Western Pacific and in areas of the Amazon Basin of South America (Rutledge et al., 2017). The fifth species, P. knowlesi, is a primate malaria parasite that is endemic in some Southeast Asian areas and can cause severe malaria in humans (Amir et al., 2018). These five Plasmodium species are transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes with diverse breeding and feeding habits, resulting in different disease spectra in various population groups (Berenger and Parola, 2017). Humans often harbor multiple Plasmodium species, but the clinical implications of mixed infections remain unclear.
Human immunodeficiency virus and other infectious diseases
Published in Catherine Nelson-Piercy, Handbook of Obstetric Medicine, 2020
The predominant features are fever (every 48 hours for P. falciparum, Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium ovale and every 72 hours for Plasmodium malariae), rigors, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and headache. Severe disease in pregnancy includes: HypoglycaemiaSevere haemolytic anaemia (Hb <8 g/dL)Pulmonary oedemaHyperpyrexiaCerebral malaria – Impaired level of consciousness, convulsionsAcute kidney injuryAcidosis
Mosquitoes
Published in Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard, The Goddard Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Seventh Edition, 2019
Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard
Previously, human malaria was thought to be caused by any one of four species of microscopic protozoan parasites in the genus Plasmodium—Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium falciparum, although we now know that a fifth species causes human malaria—Plasmodium knowlesi. 10–12 Not all species of Plasmodium occur in all places, nor do they produce identical disease syndromes. Generally, P. vivax is prevalent throughout all malaria-endemic areas, except sub-Saharan Africa, and is the form known for producing relapses. Plasmodium ovale is found chiefly in tropical areas of western Africa (occasionally western Pacific and Southeast Asia). Plasmodium malariae has a wide but spotty distribution around the world and is the most important cause of malaria resulting from blood transfusions. Plasmodium falciparum is the most virulent species and predominates in sub-Saharan Africa but is also common in Southeast Asia and South America. Plasmodium knowlesi occurs in Southeast Asia and is the species most often associated with long-tailed macaques (although humans can be infected and become quite ill). The first documented case of P. knowlesi in a U.S. traveler was documented in 2008.13
Current status of 4-aminoquinoline resistance markers 18 years after cessation of chloroquine use for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in the littoral coastline region of Cameroon
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Marcel Nyuylam Moyeh, Sandra Noukimi Fankem, Innocent Mbulli Ali, Denis Sofeu, Sorelle Mekachie Sandie, Dieudonne Lemuh Njimoh, Stephen Mbigha Ghogomu, Helen Kuokuo Kimbi, Wilfred Fon Mbacham
Of the malaria positive individuals who participated in the study, P. falciparum, either alone or in combination with ovale or malariae, still remains the most abundant parasite species – this is similar to the results obtained by Bigoga et al [31] (83.5% prevalence in Tiko) and Moyeh et al [31] in 2013 (82.7% prevalence in Mutengene). Malaria transmission thus appears to remain heterogeneous. An inverse relationship was seen in the different study sites where P. malariae infections were common in Buea and less common in Douala, whereas P. ovale infections were only seen in Douala. Although mono-infection with P. malariae causes mild disease that is never life-threatening, co-infection with falciparum greatly changes the manifestation dynamics through nonspecific and cross-specific responses [32] that can lead to a nephrotic syndrome. Once established, this syndrome does not respond to treatment and carries a high rate of mortality [33]. The presence of Plasmodium ovale in Douala suggests that current diagnostic and treatment protocol should in the near future consider including G6PD testing and primaquine radical cure to eliminate hypnozoites common with vivax and ovale infections. Contrary to results presented by Cho-Fru et al [34], no case of vivax malaria was seen in both study sites. Again, this result also confirms the findings by Moyeh et al [35] using a similar analysis, which was unable to obtain cases of P. vivax.
Infectious diseases among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: a descriptive literature review
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Yulia Treister-Goltzman, Ali Alhoashle, Roni Peleg
More than 9% of the EI who came to Israel between 1980 and 1985 suffered from malaria, most of them (82%) arriving in 1984–1985 [4]. A small number of malaria cases were introduced into Israel by tourists in those years. Plasmodium vivax was the pathogen in 80% of the cases, Plasmodium falciparum in 16%, while Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale were found in less than 1%. Three percent of the cases had mixed infection [4]. More than one-fifth of the cases were caused by chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum [64]. Chloroquine is the only drug that is safe for use in pregnancy. Malaria in patients from endemic regions is usually less problematic than in nonimmune hosts. In the case of the pregnant EI woman with chloroquine-resistant malaria, the doctors preferred to follow the patient without treatment throughout pregnancy and birth, despite the risk of malarial complications in pregnancy [65]. In 1985 EI received preventive treatment for malaria, based on its high rate, and to prevent secondary spread and the severe results of late diagnosis [4]. In comparison, the rate of malaria among EI in 1991 was negligible. This would appear to reflect the route that EI in Operation Solomon took through non-endemic regions [66].
Development and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of artemether and lumefantrine co-loaded nanoliposomes for parenteral delivery
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2019
Kashif Shakeel, Sheikh Raisuddin, Sadath Ali, Syed Sarim Imam, Md. Akhlaquer Rahman, Gaurav Kumar Jain, Farhan Jalees Ahmad
Malaria is the most life-threatening disease prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries causing about 1–2 million deaths every year worldwide (Carballeira 2008, Greenwood and Mutabingwa 2002). Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale are four distinct species that are causative agent for malaria in human beings. There are only a limited number of clinically effective antimalarial agents in existing practice. Problems such as poor and erratic oral bioavailability, lack of dose proportionality and degradation in gastrointestinal tract are the main reasons for poor clinical effectiveness of existing antimalarial agents. Rapid drug resistance and wide spread presence are the major hurdle to combat malaria. In addition, development of new chemical entities (NCEs) and launching of effective formulation into the market takes a long time and requires lot of revenue (Aditya et al. 2012).