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A Pharmacological Appraisal of Antimalarial Plant Species
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Mahwahwatse J. Bapela, Precious B. Ramontja, Mcebisi J. Mabuza
Malaria is a vector-borne disease caused by parasitic protozoans of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted to human hosts by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Only five plasmodial protists—P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. knowlesi—are infectious to humans (Rondón et al., 2019). These species differ in geographical distribution, microscopic morphology, clinical presentation and susceptibility to antimalarial drugs. Of all these infectious human parasites, P. falciparum—which predominates in Africa—is the most virulent and causes the vast majority of deaths (Diakité et al., 2019). Infection by P. falciparum usually results in an uncomplicated disease; however, in some cases, the disease becomes severe and may lead to death. Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically widespread human malaria parasite and is common in tropical areas outside Africa. Although P. vivax malaria is considered to be benign, with a very low case-to-fatality ratio, it may effect morbidity, severe disease and death as a result of splenomegaly (Dayananda et al., 2018).
Human immunodeficiency virus and other infectious diseases
Published in Catherine Nelson-Piercy, Handbook of Obstetric Medicine, 2020
The predominant features are fever (every 48 hours for P. falciparum, Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium ovale and every 72 hours for Plasmodium malariae), rigors, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and headache. Severe disease in pregnancy includes: HypoglycaemiaSevere haemolytic anaemia (Hb <8 g/dL)Pulmonary oedemaHyperpyrexiaCerebral malaria – Impaired level of consciousness, convulsionsAcute kidney injuryAcidosis
Engineering control of insect-borne diseases
Published in Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem, Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, 2018
Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem
Malaria is a disease transmitted from person to person by certain species of mosquito of the genus Anopheles (Figure 15.1 and Table 15.2), and causes acute bouts of fever which recur at intervals. Although malaria has been eradicated in some countries it is still a major public health problem in many parts of the world (Figure 15.2). Malaria in humans is caused by four species of protozoal parasite: Plasmodium falciparum – causing falciparum malaria especially in the humid tropics where transmission is possible all year round; this is the most serious form, and may be fatal.Plasmodium vivax – causing vivax malaria especially where, due to a pronounced dry or cool season, transmission is seasonal.Plasmodium malariae – causing quartan malaria, in which there are usually bouts of fever every three days; it has a patchy distribution in the tropics and subtropics.Plasmodium ovale – causing ovale malaria; uncommon and found mainly in West Africa.
Tafenoquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas, Paulo Manrrique, Angel Rosas-Aguirre, Sonia Herrera, Michelle S. Hsiang
Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent and widespread human malaria parasite outside Africa, and ~3.3 billion people live at risk of infection [1]. Although the global burden of vivax malaria has declined by 61% since 2000; ~4.5 million cases were reported in 2020 [2,3]. On an individual level, vivax malaria is notable for relapses if the hypnozoite, or liver stage, is not adequately treated. In P. vivax endemic areas, the vast majority of infections are due to relapse, and not new infection [4]. On a population level, resurgences [5,6] are associated with the deterioration of control activities due to economic circumstances, meteorological factors [5,7], and political factors [5]. In Venezuela for example, vivax malaria was well controlled, but political and economic instability led to a rise from 35,500 cases in 2000 to 467,421 in 2019 [8].
Cost-utility of tafenoquine vs. primaquine for the radical cure (prevention of relapse) of Plasmodium vivax malaria
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
Marina Kostić, Miloš N. Milosavljević, Srđan Stefanović, Goran Ranković, Slobodan M. Janković
Owing to its unique characteristics the infection caused by Plasmodium vivax (PV) is considered difficult-to-treat in both endemic and non-endemic areas. Nowadays, PV is recognized as the most widely distributed human malaria parasite, affecting 4% of the global human population,1 and putting at the same time almost one third at risk of acquiring this infection.2,3 Although it causes severe malaria less frequently than Plasmodium falciparum,1 the clinical course of PV malaria is complicated with periodic reactivation of dormant forms in the liver (i.e. hypnozoite stage in the life cycle of PV) which causes multiple relapses after resolution of primary infection.3,4 In addition, the hypnozoite stage of PV (which is undetectable in blood), if accompanied by early appearance of gametocytaemia in asymptomatic stage of infection,1,3 may serve as a reservoir for onward spreading, even in areas where external conditions hinder the survival of protozoa.3–5 Therefore, the effective eradication of hypnozoites is crucial for putting this infection under the control as well as for the reduction of morbidity and high additional healthcare costs carried by relapses.4
Synthetic Toll-like receptor agonists for the development of powerful malaria vaccines: a patent review
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2018
Arshpreet Kaur, Deepika Kannan, Surinder K. Mehta, Shailja Singh, Deepak B. Salunke
The life cycle of malaria parasite consists of several stages [7] corresponding to specific antigen that induces specific immune response. Infection begins when infected female Anopheles mosquito bites human host, injecting sporozoites into blood stream. Sporozoites infect liver cells of human host and mature into schizonts, which rupture and release merozoites. In Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale parasite species, a dormant stage exists in liver where parasites survive in the form of hypnozoites. Usually, two stages occur i.e. exoerythrocytic stage involving initial replication and erythrocytic stage which involve asexual reproduction in human erythrocytes. As cycle continues, merozoites infect red blood cells (RBCs) and goes through ring stage that mature into schizonts, which ruptures and releases merozoites further infecting neighboring RBCs. Some parasites begin to differentiate into male and female gametocytes and finally are consumed by mosquito during its blood meal. Within the mosquito, gametes penetrate each other and form motile zygote (ookinete) which migrates through the gut wall and develop into oocysts which grow, rupture, and release sporozoites. These sporozoites migrate into salivary glands and are injected into human host during the next blood meal.