China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Human immunodeficiency virus and other infectious diseases
Published in Catherine Nelson-Piercy, Handbook of Obstetric Medicine, 2020
The predominant features are fever (every 48 hours for P. falciparum, Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium ovale and every 72 hours for Plasmodium malariae), rigors, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and headache. Severe disease in pregnancy includes: HypoglycaemiaSevere haemolytic anaemia (Hb <8 g/dL)Pulmonary oedemaHyperpyrexiaCerebral malaria – Impaired level of consciousness, convulsionsAcute kidney injuryAcidosis
The Compromised Host: AIDS and Other Diseases
Published in Peter D. Walzer, Robert M. Genta, Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, 2020
Plasmodia, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania are not likely to be acquired within the United States. Trypanosoma cruzi or Plasmodia or Leishmania could be acquired during travel. Alternatively, T. cruzi and Plasmodia can be acquired by blood transfusion in the United States, although this is a very rare occurrence. Parasitemia with some of these organisms (e.g., Plasmodium malariae) can persist for years after initial infection (44,45).
Mosquitoes
Published in Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard, The Goddard Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Seventh Edition, 2019
Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard
Previously, human malaria was thought to be caused by any one of four species of microscopic protozoan parasites in the genus Plasmodium—Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium falciparum, although we now know that a fifth species causes human malaria—Plasmodium knowlesi. 10–12 Not all species of Plasmodium occur in all places, nor do they produce identical disease syndromes. Generally, P. vivax is prevalent throughout all malaria-endemic areas, except sub-Saharan Africa, and is the form known for producing relapses. Plasmodium ovale is found chiefly in tropical areas of western Africa (occasionally western Pacific and Southeast Asia). Plasmodium malariae has a wide but spotty distribution around the world and is the most important cause of malaria resulting from blood transfusions. Plasmodium falciparum is the most virulent species and predominates in sub-Saharan Africa but is also common in Southeast Asia and South America. Plasmodium knowlesi occurs in Southeast Asia and is the species most often associated with long-tailed macaques (although humans can be infected and become quite ill). The first documented case of P. knowlesi in a U.S. traveler was documented in 2008.13
Infectious diseases among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: a descriptive literature review
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Yulia Treister-Goltzman, Ali Alhoashle, Roni Peleg
More than 9% of the EI who came to Israel between 1980 and 1985 suffered from malaria, most of them (82%) arriving in 1984–1985 [4]. A small number of malaria cases were introduced into Israel by tourists in those years. Plasmodium vivax was the pathogen in 80% of the cases, Plasmodium falciparum in 16%, while Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale were found in less than 1%. Three percent of the cases had mixed infection [4]. More than one-fifth of the cases were caused by chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum [64]. Chloroquine is the only drug that is safe for use in pregnancy. Malaria in patients from endemic regions is usually less problematic than in nonimmune hosts. In the case of the pregnant EI woman with chloroquine-resistant malaria, the doctors preferred to follow the patient without treatment throughout pregnancy and birth, despite the risk of malarial complications in pregnancy [65]. In 1985 EI received preventive treatment for malaria, based on its high rate, and to prevent secondary spread and the severe results of late diagnosis [4]. In comparison, the rate of malaria among EI in 1991 was negligible. This would appear to reflect the route that EI in Operation Solomon took through non-endemic regions [66].
Recrudescing Plasmodium malariae infection despite appropriate treatment in an immigrant toddler
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2018
Malaria is the most important parasitic and vector-borne disease of humankind. Endemic to 108 countries, about three billion people are regularly at risk [1]. While improvements in prevention and treatment availability have decreased the global disease burden in the last decade, there are still an estimated 200 million cases and half a million deaths from malaria every year [1–3], 80–90% of which are in children under 5 years of age [1]. The clinical features of infection are protean, ranging from a mild, flu-like illness, to life-threatening multi-organ dysfunction, including cerebral, pulmonary and renal disease. Of the four major species causing human malaria, Plasmodium falciparum is the most prevalent and severe, and Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale are well known to cause chronic, relapsing infection. Presentations with Plasmodium malariae are rarer and considered to be relatively benign. A young African refugee with persistent anaemia, splenomegaly and recurring P. malariae parasitaemia despite several regimens of apparently effective anti-malarial treatment is described.
Safety assessment of MEFAS: an innovative hybrid salt of mefloquine and artesunate for malaria treatment
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Daniely Alves de Lima, Carlos Eduardo Linhares Andreotti, Fabiane Antiquera Ferreira, Karoline Bach Pauli, Gustavo Ratti da Silva, Rita de Cássia Lima Ribeiro, Paulo Roberto Dalsenter, Nubia Boechat, Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior, Emerson Luiz Botelho Lourenço, Francislaine Aparecida dos Reis Lívero
Malaria is an infectious disease that is caused by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium ovale. It afflicts 214 million people worldwide and was responsible for 445 000 deaths in 2015 (WHO 2014, Hu et al.2017). In Brazil, the disease is endemic in the Amazon region but occurs in 80% of the national territory where vectors of the genus Anopheles are present (Brasil, 2007). The classic triad of symptoms of the disease consists of chills, intermittent fever, and headache, accompanied by profound malaise, sweating, nausea, and joint pain that are initial symptoms of the disease (Camargo 2003).