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Hand Infections
Published in Dorian Hobday, Ted Welman, Maxim D. Horwitz, Gurjinderpal Singh Pahal, Plastic Surgery for Trauma, 2022
Dorian Hobday, Ted Welman, Maxim D. Horwitz, Gurjinderpal Singh Pahal
Cat bites, although only responsible for 5% of animal bites, make up around 75% of those that get infected due to the long thin teeth causing puncture wounds and ‘injecting’ bacteria to a deep level in the tissues [k]. Infective organisms found are similar to those in dog bites with the addition of Pasteurella multocida. The wounds are generally small and closed on presentation in the emergency department but even if they appear uninfected (in the case of a recent bite), it is essential to debride the wound edges and irrigate the wound copiously. Wounds should be left open or ideally splinted open with an antimicrobial wick to allow free drainage of any residual infection. Again, the patient will require splinting, elevation, antibiotics and should be admitted for monitoring.
Animal Bites
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
The disease is caused by Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative coccobacillus found in mammals and birds. Many domestic mammals (i.e. cats, dogs, rabbits and small rodents) carry P. multocida as part of their normal flora. Human infections typically result from bites and scratches. Pasteurellosis can present as painful skin and wound infections. In severe cases, it may result in bacteraemia, endocarditis, meningitis and osteomyelitis.
Unexplained Fever In Infectious Diseases: Section 2: Commonly Encountered Aerobic, Facultative Anaerobic, And Strict Anaerobic Bacteria, Spirochetes, And Parasites
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative coccobacillus, may cause localized infections and also, rarely, life-threatening septicemia. A large number of domestic animals (cats or dogs) harbor this organism in their mouth. Localized infections are common after bites from these animals. Bacteremia may arise even in the absence of a local lesion and may be complicated by pneumonia, empyema, sinusitis, arthritis, pyelonephritis, peritonitis, and meningitis. Rarely, this organism may cause severe septicemia in patients with chronic disease (especially liver diseases) or cancer, with no animal contact. Over a 25-year period, at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, Pasteurella multocida was isolated in 11 patients, 2 of whom had bacteremia.66
A bite difficult to heal: Pasteurella multocida induced decompensated hepatic cirrhosis
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2021
Hiren Patel, Nirali Patel, Harsh Patel, Robert Dobbin Chow
Multiple studies conclude that P. multocida–related infections are primarily acquired through contact with animals and in particular household pets [4–7]. A review conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Greece of 13 cases of Pasteurella-induced infections found that the majority of cases were soft tissue and respiratory infections in nature, such as pneumonia and tracheobronchitis [19]. Another analysis of 34 case reports concluded that the most common infectious process was soft tissue infection, followed by respiratory and abdominal infections [1]. Giordano et al. reported 44 patients at a single center with Pasteurella multocida infection, in which 25 were infected via animal bites and no bites were reported in the remainder of the patients [20]. In that series, skin and soft tissue infections were once again predominant, followed by bloodstream and respiratory infections [20]. Other case reports detail rare sequelae of P. multocida infection, including endocarditis, meningitis, and septic shock [1,7–12,21,22].
‘Non-zoonotic’ pasteurella multocida infection in an immunocompromised patient
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2018
Our case highlights an unusual presentation of PM infection in addition to highlighting several learning points. First, contrary to the common belief, Pasteurella multocida can cause ‘non-zoonotic’ infections in humans. This is especially true for individuals who are immunocompromised. Second, the pathogen can be misidentified on gram-staining of fluid/tissue. Last, once identified on cultures, prompt antibiotic therapy with susceptibility testing should be pursued to improve outcomes on these potentially fatal infections.
Variability in in vitro biofilm production and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern among Pasteurella multocida strains
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Awadhesh Prajapati, Mohammed Mudassar Chanda, Arul Dhayalan, Revanaiah Yogisharadhya, Jitendra Kumar Chaudhary, Nihar Nalini Mohanty, Sathish Bhadravati Shivachandra
Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae, is an important multi-host as well as a zoonotic pathogen that is capable of causing either chronic respiratory or multi-systemic acute/peracute diseases such as pneumonic/septicaemic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats, haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) in bovines, atrophic rhinitis in pigs, fowl cholera in poultry, snuffles in rabbits and localized wound infection in humans (Harper et al. 2006; Shivachandra et al. 2011). The microorganism, with 5 capsular serogroups (A, B, D, E and F) and 16 somatic serotypes (1 to 16) (Carter 1955; Heddleston et al. 1972; Harper and Boyce 2017; Astorga et al. 2019), is known to possess different virulence factors which are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of pasteurellosis. Although, numerous virulence factors of P. multocida have been identified and characterized (Hatfaludi et al. 2010; Wilson and Ho 2013; Peng et al. 2019), a large number of uncharacterized features/factors still remain to be investigated. In an epidemiological perspective, understanding the pathogenesis and differentiation of P. multocida strains have largely relied on several conventional/molecular tools such as biotyping, antimicrobial sensitivity patterns, target gene sequencing and nucleic acid based/PCR assays (Shivachandra et al. 2013; 2014; 2017; Yogisharadhya et al. 2019; Prajapati et al. 2020; Sundarraj et al. 2020). Although, several of these tools indicated greater genetic homogeneity and/or heterogeneity of strains within the family, there are no studies correlating with the pathogenesis of disease form/type/host species. A phenotypic-based differentiation of circulating strains along with their correlation with disease is likely to enhance the understanding of pathogenesis and disease control. Among various virulence mechanisms adopted by diverse P. multocida strains, the role of biofilm formation is an interesting factor to elucidate in the infectious process.