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Hand Infections
Published in Dorian Hobday, Ted Welman, Maxim D. Horwitz, Gurjinderpal Singh Pahal, Plastic Surgery for Trauma, 2022
Dorian Hobday, Ted Welman, Maxim D. Horwitz, Gurjinderpal Singh Pahal
Cat bites, although only responsible for 5% of animal bites, make up around 75% of those that get infected due to the long thin teeth causing puncture wounds and ‘injecting’ bacteria to a deep level in the tissues [k]. Infective organisms found are similar to those in dog bites with the addition of Pasteurella multocida. The wounds are generally small and closed on presentation in the emergency department but even if they appear uninfected (in the case of a recent bite), it is essential to debride the wound edges and irrigate the wound copiously. Wounds should be left open or ideally splinted open with an antimicrobial wick to allow free drainage of any residual infection. Again, the patient will require splinting, elevation, antibiotics and should be admitted for monitoring.
Chemical Structure of the Core Region of Lipopolysaccharides
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Pasteurella Pasteurella haemolytica causes respiratory infections in cattle and sheep. At present, one core structure of LPS from the Al serotype (Table 4) has been reported (174). Similar to Haemophilus cores, it possesses the tetrasaccharide Hep-(1→2)-Hep-(l→3)-Hep-(1→x)-Kdo in which Kdo is also phosphorylated at 0–4 and carries Hep I at O-5. To Hep I, a second tetrasaccharide (β-Gal-(1→7)-Hep-(1→6)-Hep-(1→6)-β-Glc is linked at O-4. The relative molar ratio of l,d-Hep:d,d-Hep was determined as 2.2:2.0 (175), but the distribution of these two sugars in the core is unknown. With respect to Haemophilus and other d,d-Hep-containing core structures, it may be expected that l,d-Hep is exclusively present in the first and d,d-Hep in the second tetrasaccharide.
Animal Bites
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
The disease is caused by Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative coccobacillus found in mammals and birds. Many domestic mammals (i.e. cats, dogs, rabbits and small rodents) carry P. multocida as part of their normal flora. Human infections typically result from bites and scratches. Pasteurellosis can present as painful skin and wound infections. In severe cases, it may result in bacteraemia, endocarditis, meningitis and osteomyelitis.
A bite difficult to heal: Pasteurella multocida induced decompensated hepatic cirrhosis
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2021
Hiren Patel, Nirali Patel, Harsh Patel, Robert Dobbin Chow
Pasteurella multocida is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic coccobacilli commonly found in the normal flora of domestic animals, such as cats, dogs, and pigs [1]. Cats and dogs have a particularly high carriage rate, 70–90% and 2–50%, respectively, [2]. With high rates of pet ownership throughout the world, and in the USA in particular, there is an increasing threat of zoonoses among human populations [3]. Each year, there are approximately 300,000 visits to the emergency departments in the U.S. secondary to animal bite or scratch wounds each year, of which Pasteurella species are isolated from 50% of dog bites and 75% of cat bites [4–6]. Pasteurella species are usually associated with soft tissue infections, particularly cellulitis and abscess formation [7]. Less commonly, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, meningitis, and blood stream infections have also been associated with Pasteurella [1,7–12]. Pasteurella’s ability to act as an opportunist pathogen and cause bacteremia in immunocompromised and liver failure/dysfunction patients has been rarely documented [1,13,14]. Here we present a case of Pasteurella multocida bacteremia and septic shock in a patient with cirrhosis.
Surgical management of severe facial trauma after dog bite: A case report
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2020
Bernhard Prem, David Tianxiang Liu, Bernhard Parschalk, Boban M. Erovic, Christian A. Mueller
During the acute phase after a dog bite, another crucial aspect of treatment is anti-infective management with regards to rabies, tetanus and other bacteria [1,2,10]. Wound infections primarily exhibit a polymicrobial origin, with smear tests typically showing a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from the dog’s oropharynx and the skin of the attacked human [2]. The most clinically important pathogens include Pasteurella spp., Capnocytophaga canimorsus, streptococci, staphylococci, Neisseria and anaerobic bacteria, such as Fusobacterium [1]. Pasteurella spp., particularly Pasteurella canis, is found in 50% of infections due to dog bites, and C. canimorsus can be isolated from up to 56% of all infections [2]. Authors recommend starting empiric antimicrobial therapy, even before receiving microbiological culture results, since dog bites are considered primarily infected [1,2]. Various published recommendations are largely similar, suggesting administration of amoxicillin–clavulanate for 7–10 days [1,2,19]. Therapeutic alternatives include doxycycline or clindamycin plus ciprofloxacin, for example, in cases of penicillin allergy [1]. After receiving the results of the microbiological culture, therapy should be adapted as needed.
Variability in in vitro biofilm production and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern among Pasteurella multocida strains
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Awadhesh Prajapati, Mohammed Mudassar Chanda, Arul Dhayalan, Revanaiah Yogisharadhya, Jitendra Kumar Chaudhary, Nihar Nalini Mohanty, Sathish Bhadravati Shivachandra
The biofilm formation ability is a phenotypic feature exhibited by numerous bacteria for survival under hostile conditions and to enhance their virulence by resisting antimicrobials (Hall and Mah 2017). Many facultative pathogenic members of the Pasteurellaceae are able to form biofilms (Murphy and Kirkham 2002; Kaplan and Mulks 2005; Jin et al. 2006; Sager et al. 2015) and such biofilms are generally difficult to treat due to the limited antimicrobial action (Emery et al. 2017). Multidrug resistant phenotypes of pathogenic bacteria are recognized as a major public health problem (Hoelzer et al. 2017). Antibiotics are commonly used in many countries to control and treat Pasteurella infections (Timsit et al. 2017). Furthermore, biofilm producing pathogenic bacterial strains are less susceptible to antibiotics than the free-living (planktonic) counterparts. Drug resistance development in bacteria might be due to the indiscriminate or non-judicious use of sub-inhibitory concentration of antibiotics (Algburi et al. 2017), a phenomenon magnified when bacteria form biofilms. Biofilms of pathogens grown in vitro are most likely to mimic the expression of in vivo antigens (Costerton et al.1999), which could also aid in the differentiation of strains. However, biofilm production may be influenced by different factors (i.e. host species, the pathological condition, and the presence of regulatory genes). Although, the genes of the tad locus have been described as bacterial adhesion markers, not many studies have been carried out to ascertain their presence in P. multocida. Homologous regions of the tad biosynthesis locus have been found to play a key role in biofilm formation, colonization and pathogenesis in several members of the Pasteurellaceae (Tomich et al. 2007).