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Applications of AI, IoT, IoMT, and Biosensing Devices in Curbing COVID-19
Published in Fadi Al-Turjman, AI-Powered IoT for COVID-19, 2020
Basil Bartholomew Duwa, Mehmet Ozsoz, Fadi Al-Turjman
Human parainfluenza virus is a single-stranded DNA that belongs to the family of paramyxoviridae. Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is divided into four (4) serotypes affiliated with human infection. This kind of virus can be detected through immunofluorescent microscopy, cell culture, and polymerase chain-reaction (PCR). Death caused by HPIV globally is rare. Mortality is recorded mostly in the elderly and in toddlers. Human parainfluenza virus has no vaccines yet; however, drugs such as Ribovirin are seen as good potential medications to be administered.
Respiratory system
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
7.12. Acute epiglottitis is associated withgradual onset of cough, fever and stridor over several days.infection with parainfluenza virus.Haemophilus influenzae type Β septicaemia.drooling and difficulty in swallowing.high probability of recurrence.
Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
The parainfluenza viruses are recognized as pathogens of the respiratory tract, especially in infants and children. The viruses (types 1, 2, 3, and 4) may cause respiratory infections ranging from inapparent to those of life-threatening intensity, especially in the lower respiratory tract [217], Types 1 and 3 have particular significance as causal agents of the croup syndrome and have been implicated in cases of rhinitis, bronchiolitis, and bronchitis [217–219]. They also may induce pneumonia and common coldlike symptoms in adults [220,221]. Type 2 parainfluenza is associated with acute croup in young children [222] and may also cause common coldlike symptoms in adults [223], Type 4 parinfluenza virus antibodies have been found widely in human populations [224], but the role of this virus in human disease has yet to be established. These viruses, then, appear also to be among those considered as targets for antiviral studies, although no clinically active antiviral drugs have yet been demonstrated.
Innate and adaptive immune responses in respiratory virus infection: implications for the clinic
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
John Stambas, Chunni Lu, Ralph A Tripp
However, vaccines are not available for all respiratory viruses despite considerable efforts, e.g. metapneumoviruses, adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, RSV and rhinoviruses. Candidate vaccines for human metapneumoviruses (HMPV) include live-attenuated and chimeric vaccines, subunit vaccines and virus-like particles, all of which remain at the clinical trial stage [96,97]. Many RSV vaccines are under development including inactivated, live-attenuated, subunit, chimeric, viral- or bacterial-vectored constructs, and DNA vaccines. Inactivated RSV vaccines use a killed version of the virus, but inactivated RSV vaccines typically do not provide equivalent immunity when compared to natural infection or live vaccines. RSV vaccines have a long and checkered history. For example, a candidate FI-RSV vaccine was associated with enhanced disease upon RSV challenge and was abandoned [79]. In Phase I clinical trials, a structure-guided stabilized RSV pre-F protein trimeric subunit vaccine in healthy adult volunteers between 18 and 50 years of age showed no serious side effects and elicited neutralizing antibodies with a superior functional profile relative to historical RSV subunit vaccines [98]. To date, there are no licensed vaccines available for the prevention of RSV or viruses such as rhinoviruses. This is due to the antigenic heterogeneity (>150 circulating rhinovirus strains) that has made targeting the virus extremely difficult [99–101]. Live attenuated vaccines targeting parainfluenza viruses are currently been evaluated but they are yet to move past the clinical trial stage [102].
28-year-old male anabolic steroid abuser with Susac syndrome. An interdisciplinary case report
Published in Modern Rheumatology Case Reports, 2019
Natalia Lewczuk, Alexander Zdebik, Joanna Bogusławska, Magdalena Targońska, Anna Turno-Kręcicka
We want to present a 28-year-old Caucasian male, who is an anabolic steroid abuser but besides that is in general good health with a normal BMI, without a remarkable medical history and with a negative family history of any disease. The patient reported to the emergency department because of subjective vision deterioration and vision loss in the field of vision in both eyes, accompanied by a chronic, severe headache. In the recent months, the patient complained about vertigo and inflammation of the left inner ear, which has been treated successfully with oral steroids. He went through a viral infection with parainfluenza-like symptoms of unknown aetiology 1 year ago. An infection with HIV, CMV, EBV, HBV and HCV were excluded in blood tests. The patient admitted using anabolic steroids in high quantities and frequencies in the past to increase his body mass, but could neither recall the name nor the dosage of the pharmacological substance.
Clinical impact of human metapneumovirus infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2021
Mandy Jongbloed, Wouter T. Leijte, Catharina F. M. Linssen, Bernadette G. van den Hoogen, Eric C. M. van Gorp, Martijn D. de Kruif
The clinical course of HMPV infection during admission revealed a sequence of mean peak body temperature (38.1 ± 2.2 0C) at 1.4 ± 3.4 days and a maximal level of CRP (93 ± 92 mg/l) at 1.6 ± 4.0 days followed by a maximal leucocyte count (11.6 ± 5.2 x103/μL) peaking at 2.2 ± 4.7 days (p = 0.04). CT images were available for 41 (17%) HMPV-infected patients (Table 2). Most of the parenchymal findings were consolidations, ground glass opacities and tree-in-bud abnormalities (Figure 3). Other findings included bronchiectasis, lymphadenopathy, pleural effusion, bronchiolitis and bronchial wall thickening. Lower lobes were affected more than upper lobes. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 88 patients (42%) in the non-COVID-19-period and 15 patients (48%) in the COVID-19-period (p = NS). Co-infections with other pathogens were described in 30 (13%) patients, with Streptococcus pneumoniae as most frequently identified bacterial pathogen in nine patients, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in four patients and Staphylococcus aureus in four patients. The most frequently identified viral pathogens were Influenza virus type B (3 patients) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (2 patients). Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 was not observed. Presence of co-infection was associated with higher CRP levels at admission (134 ± 142 vs. 86 ± 80 mg/l in no co-infection; p = 0.01) but not with other variables including body temperature or leucocyte count. Antibiotic treatment was given to 80% of patients in the non-COVID-19-period and 90% in the COVID-19-period with an average treatment length of 5.5 ± 4.1 days (p = NS).