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The Challenge of Parasite Control
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Humans become exposed to a wide range of parasites through the consumption of food items containing infective life cycle stages. The beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata), for instance, is contracted by eating raw or undercooked beef infected with tapeworm cysticerci. Likewise, the lung fluke (Paragonimus westermani) is transmitted to fish-eating mammals, including humans, when they eat undercooked or raw freshwater crabs containing metacercariae.
Current Status of Paragonimus and Paragonimiasis
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
Lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus are widely distributed over the world and are primarily parasitic in the lungs of man and of wild and domestic animals. Until 20 years ago, it was believed that all human paragonimiasis infections were caused by Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert, 1878), which originated in the Orient. Human paragonimiasis cases found in Central and South America were presumed to be caused by P. westermani introduced by immigrants from Japan and China. With the accumulation of new knowledge of the taxonomy, life cycle, host-parasite relationships, and the geographical distribution of the Paragonimus species, such a view no longer is acceptable.
Triclabendazole
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Humans develop infection with the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani and related species by ingesting infective metacercariae encysted in the muscles and viscera of crayfish and freshwater crabs. Once the immature parasites reach the duodenum, they excyst, penetrate the gut wall, and travel through the peritoneal cavity, diaphragm, and pleural space to reach the lungs. Adult lung flukes are 7–12 mm in length and are found encapsulated in the bronchioles. When maturing flukes lodge in lung tissues, they cause hemorrhage and necrosis, resulting in cavity formation. As the adults produce eggs, the cavities rupture, and eggs are either expectorated with sputum or swallowed and passed to the outside environment with feces. Patients with pulmonary paragonimiasis usually present with cough productive of brownish sputum or frank hemoptysis associated with peripheral blood eosinophilia. Pulmonary paragonimiasis is diagnosed by the detection of parasite ova in sputum and/or stools.
Identification of suspected paragonimiasis-endemic foci using a questionnaire and detection of Paragonimus ova using the Ziehl–Neelsen technique in Zamboanga Region, the Philippines
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
John Paul Caesar delos Trinos, Olivia T Sison, Maria Reiza C Anino, Jana Denise M. Lacuna, Manuel C. Jorge, Vicente Y. Belizario
Paragonimiasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani. It is transmitted by the ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked crabs. It is estimated that 21 million people have paragonimiasis, and 293 million people are at risk for infection [1]. In the Philippines, paragonimiasis is known to be endemic in at least 12 provinces [2]. There is a lack of a global program and guidelines specific to paragonimiasis control. While national policies concerning paragonimiasis control exist in the Philippines [3,4], these may need updating and further enhancement. For instance, paragonimiasis control in the country is tucked in a broad policy on Food and Waterborne Diseases Prevention and Control Program [3], which also includes diseases such as amebiasis among others.
Helminthiases in North Korea: a neglected public health challenge
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Helminth parasites infecting humans and other animals reside not only in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts but also in other parts of the body such as the lymphatic system. Nematodes (roundworms) and platyhelminths (flatworms) are two major phyla of helminths: nematodes include the major intestinal worms (a.k.a. soil-transmitted helminths) and filarial worms (infecting lyphatic system and soft tissue); platyhelminths include the flukes and tapeworms [1]. Ascaris and Trichuris belong to soil-transmitted nematodes, and they are transmitted by eggs present in human feces which contaminate the soil in areas where sanitation is poor [2]. Platyhelminth flukes include food-borne trematodes such as Clonorchis sinensis and Paragonimus westermani, which infect the bile duct and the lungs in humans, respectively, following the ingestion of uncooked fish or shellfish. Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and sparganum are platyhelminth tapeworms that cause cysticercosis and lung nodules, respectively [3].
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with Paragonimiasis westermani
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2018
Ryouhei Matsuoka, Jun Muneuchi, Yusaku Nagatomo, Daisuke Shimizu, Seigo Okada, Chiaki Iida, Hiromitsu Shirouzu, Mamie Watanabe, Yasuhiko Takahashi, Haruhiko Maruyama
Haruhiko Maruyama is the professor in Department of Infectious Disease, Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki. His research interest includes microbiology of parasites, especially in Strongyloides venezuelensis. The authors’ recent publications are “Karyotype and reproduction mode of the rodent parasite Strongyloides venezuelensis” in Parasitology (2014) and “Identification of a bacteria-like ferrochelatase in Strongyloides venezuelensis, an animani parasitic nematode” in PLos One (2013). He contributed to the measurements of antibody titer of Paragonimus westermani.