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Current Status of Paragonimus and Paragonimiasis
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
Lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus are widely distributed over the world and are primarily parasitic in the lungs of man and of wild and domestic animals. Until 20 years ago, it was believed that all human paragonimiasis infections were caused by Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert, 1878), which originated in the Orient. Human paragonimiasis cases found in Central and South America were presumed to be caused by P. westermani introduced by immigrants from Japan and China. With the accumulation of new knowledge of the taxonomy, life cycle, host-parasite relationships, and the geographical distribution of the Paragonimus species, such a view no longer is acceptable.
An Overview of Helminthiasis
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Leyla Yurttaș, Betül Kaya Çavușoğlu, Derya Osmaniye, Ulviye Acar Çevik
Liver-lung trematodes infections are frequent in older males and females with a tendency against familial accumulation. The lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus are involved in numerous types of human diseases. Humans can be infected with raw, partially cooked or pickled or crab crayfish containing the larval form which penetrate the duodenum and intestinal wall and finally, the peritoneal cavity. Larval forms can penetrate into the diaphragm and reach the pleural space and lung parenchyma, where they turn into adult worms that live in cystic cavities near bronchial passages and produce eggs (Kim et al. 2016).
Paragonimus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Pham Ngoc Doanh, Haruhiko Maruyama, David Blair, Yukifumi Nawa
Lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus are zoonotic agents of paragonimiasis in animals and humans. Their life cycle requires at least three hosts: freshwater snails as the first and crustaceans as the second intermediate hosts. Carnivorous/omnivorous mammals, including humans, act as definitive hosts and are infected through eating freshwater crabs or crayfish containing live metacercariae (infective stage larvae) of lung flukes.1 In addition, humans may become infected through ingestion of raw meat of mammalian paratenic hosts such as wild boars.2 Adult worms normally live in pairs in cysts in the lungs causing typical pulmonary lesions. However, they may parasitize various other sites in the body to cause extrapulmonary paragonimiasis (ectopic paragonimiasis), for example, the abdominal wall,3 liver,4 pancreas,5 and more notably, the brain.6
Identification of suspected paragonimiasis-endemic foci using a questionnaire and detection of Paragonimus ova using the Ziehl–Neelsen technique in Zamboanga Region, the Philippines
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
John Paul Caesar delos Trinos, Olivia T Sison, Maria Reiza C Anino, Jana Denise M. Lacuna, Manuel C. Jorge, Vicente Y. Belizario
Paragonimiasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani. It is transmitted by the ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked crabs. It is estimated that 21 million people have paragonimiasis, and 293 million people are at risk for infection [1]. In the Philippines, paragonimiasis is known to be endemic in at least 12 provinces [2]. There is a lack of a global program and guidelines specific to paragonimiasis control. While national policies concerning paragonimiasis control exist in the Philippines [3,4], these may need updating and further enhancement. For instance, paragonimiasis control in the country is tucked in a broad policy on Food and Waterborne Diseases Prevention and Control Program [3], which also includes diseases such as amebiasis among others.
Helminthiases in North Korea: a neglected public health challenge
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Helminth parasites infecting humans and other animals reside not only in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts but also in other parts of the body such as the lymphatic system. Nematodes (roundworms) and platyhelminths (flatworms) are two major phyla of helminths: nematodes include the major intestinal worms (a.k.a. soil-transmitted helminths) and filarial worms (infecting lyphatic system and soft tissue); platyhelminths include the flukes and tapeworms [1]. Ascaris and Trichuris belong to soil-transmitted nematodes, and they are transmitted by eggs present in human feces which contaminate the soil in areas where sanitation is poor [2]. Platyhelminth flukes include food-borne trematodes such as Clonorchis sinensis and Paragonimus westermani, which infect the bile duct and the lungs in humans, respectively, following the ingestion of uncooked fish or shellfish. Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and sparganum are platyhelminth tapeworms that cause cysticercosis and lung nodules, respectively [3].
Imported African schistosomiasis and the potential risk of transmission in China
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Jing Cui, Peng Jiang, Yan Yan Song, Xi Zhang, Zhong Quan Wang
On March 1, the patient was transferred to the Affiliated Hospital of our university for further diagnosis. Routine blood examination revealed leukocytosis of 10,600, high eosinophilia (24.9%, 2640 eosinophils/μl), and elevated C-reactive protein levels of 33.9 mg/L. An agglutination test revealed that all antibodies against the antigens of typhi ‘O’ and ‘H’ and paratyphi A, B and C had negative titers less than 1:40. A colonoscopy showed erosion, submucosal bleeding spots and ulcers of the transverse colon. Histological sections of colon biopsy tissues revealed chronic mucosal inflammation together with acute inflammation and submucosal lymphocyte aggregation, but no eggs were found. Eggs were not observed via the direct stool smear, sedimentation and egg hatching methods. Serum antibodies against tissue-dwelling parasites (Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, Taenia solium, Paragonimus skrjabini, Clonochis sinensis, Trichinella spiralis) were negative by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) or immunofluorescence test (IFT) [7]. However, serum antibody IgG against Schistosoma japonicum was strong positive by indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) (Anji, Hefei, China) [8]. This patient was tentatively diagnosed with schistosomiasis caused by S. mansoni, as he had never been to the endemic areas of S. japonicum in China and other countries. He was treated with praziquantel as described in Case 1. Two days after starting treatment, his temperature began to decrease. One week after therapy, there was general improvement. The patient’s fever declined to normal, but he still had leukocytosis of 12,060 and higher eosinophilia (29.7%, 3300 eosinophils/μl). Three weeks after treatment, the patient had no further symptoms, laboratory findings showed an almost normal eosinophil count (5.8%) and weakly positive anti-Schistosoma antibodies.