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Order Nidovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The 80–100% mortality in neonatal piglets is caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which remains therefore the one of the most devastating viral diseases affecting swine worldwide. Wrapp and McLellan (2019) reported the electron cryomicroscopy structure of the PEDV protein S in the prefusion conformation at a resolution of 3.1 Å and revealed that the structure was substantially different from that observed in the previously determined spike structure from another representative of alphacoronavirus, namely human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), which is described later.
Animal Models of Human Respiratory Viral Infections
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Kayla A. Weiss, Cory J. Knudson, Allison F. Christiaansen, Steven M. Varga
There are multiple porcine coronaviruses that cause enteric and respiratory disease resulting in large economic losses due to the high mortality following infection of neonates in the agricultural industry.104 Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) infection primarily results in gastroenteritis, but is capable of infecting the respiratory tract as well.105 Although TGEV can cause significant disease in neonates, disease is very mild in adult pigs. Porcine respiratory virus (PRCoV) is a variant of TGEV with their genomes being 96% homologous.105 PRCoV replicates in lung epithelium and alveolar macrophages, and results in the development of interstitial pneumonia.105 Porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus (PEDV) is another porcine coronavirus that is genetically similar to the human coronavirus 229E.105
Use of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria as live delivery vectors for human and animal health
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Romina Levit, Naima G. Cortes-Perez, Alejandra de Moreno de Leblanc, Jade Loiseau, Anne Aucouturier, Philippe Langella, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Luis G. Bermúdez-Humarán
GM LAB have also been studied as vectors for the production of heterologous proteins of animal viruses. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of alphacoronavirus that causes an intestinal disease which have caused economic losses around the world.111 A GM strain of L. casei has been used to express N antigen protein of PEDV, and administered oral and intranasally to pregnant sow and mice. This strain was able to both induce mucosal and systemic immune response.112 The same strain was GM to express the protein S of the PEDV virus and the GM L. casei was administered to mice observing an induction of cellular, humoral, and mucosal immunity.113 A bivalent oral vaccine against PDEV and TGEV (porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus) was also developed using a strain of L. casei which was GM to express TGEV S protein D antigen and PEDV S protein-neutralizing antigen epitope region COE as immunogens. Immunized mice showed an induction of humoral and mucosal immune response against TGEV and PDEV, evidencing the potential of this vaccine to prevent both infections.114 In addition, other systems have been developed for the expression of proteins using L. lactis as a vector for the prevention of avian influenza virus infection and infection bursal disease in chicken.115,116
The roles of epidermal growth factor receptor in viral infections
Published in Growth Factors, 2022
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) belongs to the family Coronaviridae and shares a common structure with other members within the family. PEDV infection causes acute watery diarrhoea and fatal dehydration in new-born piglets, leading to significant losses in swine factory (Koonpaew et al. 2019). An in vitro study by Yang et al. (2018) have demonstrated that PEDV exploits EGFR to impair antiviral activity of type I IFNs. PEDV-induced activation of EGFR leads to phosphorylation of its downstream cascade, STAT3 protein which acts as a negative regulator of IFN-1 mediated antiviral response. Inhibition of EGFR activity using specific inhibitors or siRNA in infected cells restored the mRNA levels of ISGs, including myxovirus resistance A (MxA), ISG15, and IFN-β. Taken together, PEDV supresses antiviral response of IFN through the activation of EGFR/STAT3 signalling pathway (Figure 5(a)) (Yang et al. 2018)
Coronaviruses and Integrin αvβ3: Does Thyroid Hormone Modify the Relationship?
Published in Endocrine Research, 2020
Paul J. Davis, Hung-Yun Lin, Aleck Hercbergs, Kelly A. Keating, Shaker A. Mousa
Uptake by host cells of β-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 – the cause of COVID-19 – is thought primarily to involve an ectoenzyme, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).6,7 The host cellular uptake and the replication of another epidemiologically important coronavirus have recently been shown to require integrin αvβ3.8 This is the porcine epidemic diarrhea α-coronavirus (PEDV) that infects animals and human subjects.9 Sigrist and coworkers have also implicated integrins in host cell uptake of SARS-CoV-2.10 It may be noted that ACE2 via its Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence binds to integrins11; thus, a distinction between integrins and ACE2 in terms of uptake of coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and intracellular signaling induced by viruses may be increasingly difficult to establish. If integrin αvβ3 is involved primarily or secondarily via ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 uptake (as well as PEDV), then pharmacologic options exist to prevent internalization of the integrin and bound virus, as discussed below.