China
Africa
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Liver Diseases
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
There are age differences in the onset of primary liver cancer and in the regeneration of nodular hyperplasia in the liver.409,410,529 The geographic distribution of primary liver cancer or hepatoma is also uneven. It is not frequent in North America or in Europe as compared to secondary metastatic cancer. It is particularly frequent in many African and Asian countries. The incidence rate in Mozambique, Africa is 107 people in contrast with the U.S. at 6 to 7 people and in Norway 1 person per 100,000 people.134 Primary hepatocellular carcinoma is the leading malignant neoplasm in Taiwan, in Canada and the U.S., it is 22nd.239 The increased frequency of hepatoma in China is blamed upon the infestation with the liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis or Opisthorchis felineus. These parasites get into the small bile ducts where they cause dilatations which are followed by liver damage contributing to cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for 70 to 90% of liver cancer in most parts of Asia free of liver fluke. It is considered therefore, that environmental carcinogens may represent an etiologically important contribution to the development of liver cancer.
Clonorchis
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
From 34 species of the subfamily Opisthorchiinae, epidemiologically the most significant are only three: Opisthorchis felineus, O. viverrini, and C. sinensis (the most important fluke in East Asia). Traditional approaches distinguish adult flukes of the genera Clonorchis and Opisthorchis on morphology and position of the testes and the vitelline glands. Some morphological features of cercariae and metacercariae suggest that two genera could be merged,12,13 while some features of trematodes’ biology, morphology, and genesis give grounds to transfer O. viverrini from the genus Opisthorchis into the genus Clonorchis as a second species.6 The study of phylogenetic relations of C. sinensis with O. felineus and O. viverrini using a variety of molecular genetic markers has also given controversial results. According to one set of data, C. sinensis is a sister species of O. felineus and O. viverrini, others assumed that C. sinensis is closer to O. felineus than to O. viverrini, while the rest indicate the most similarity between C. sinensis and O. viverrini.14
The Helminths
Published in Donald L. Price, Procedure Manual for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites, 2017
Another species, Opisthorchis felineus (not shown) is found in Eastern and Central Europe. It is about 30 × 12 μm, usually thinner, and tapers from the middle toward both ends. If the species of these small trematode eggs cannot be easily determined, a report of Clonorchis-like eggs may be acceptable, depending on the condition of the patient, since treatment is similar for all five species.
Worm expulsion is independent of alterations in composition of the colonic bacteria that occur during experimental Hymenolepis diminuta-infection in mice
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Adam Shute, Arthur Wang, Timothy S. Jayme, Marc Strous, Kathy D. McCoy, Andre G. Buret, Derek M. McKay
Sequencing the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene revealed increased complexity of the gut microbiota of H. diminuta-infected male BALB/c mice. These statistically significant changes were characterized by increased Clostridiales (i.e. Firmicutes), specifically Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae (e.g. Clostridium XIVa). It is difficult to compare between the mouse and rat host with respect to changes in gut bacteria following infection with H. diminuta as the models, kinetics of infection and samples examined (gut, feces, cecal contents) all differ. The data available for the rat suggest that infection with H. diminuta leads to a reduced α-diversity and that there may be an outgrowth of Ruminococcaceae.9–11 Mice infected with the cestode Echinococcus granulosus for 4 months had a largely normal gut microbiota with enrichment of Eisenbergiella and Parabacteroides genera.17 Extending these studies, a burgeoning literature demonstrates shifts in the composition of bacterial communities in the gut of mice, humans and other mammals infected with helminths, primarily nematodes,18–21 but also flukes, such as Schistosoma mansoni, Clonorchis sinensis, and Opisthorchis felineus that do not inhabit the gut.22–24
Gold nanoparticles for preparation of antibodies and vaccines against infectious diseases
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
GNPs were also used to prepare anti-idiotypic antibodies [145]. These antibodies were used for an indirect and a competitive ELISA of the opisthorchiasis pathogen Opisthorchis felineus. Work is underway to develop a vaccine against Babesia canis, the causative agent of canine piroplasmosis, by using the adjuvant properties of GNPs.