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Paratext and medical authority in the world of the internet
Published in Lester D. Friedman, Therese Jones, Routledge Handbook of Health and Media, 2022
One often used website for medical information is WebMD. A commercial site that began in the late 1990s, WebMD is, in general, a site for providing mainstream medical information. Searching it for information on the MMR vaccine, we find an entry that is supportive of the vaccine but which ends with a brief note that “over the years, some have suggested that the MMR vaccine is linked to autism spectrum disorder. The CDC stands firm that there’s no evidence to support that idea. The benefits that the vaccine brings in disease prevention far outweigh any potential risks.” Its discussion of the safety of the MMR vaccine also includes two paratextual advertisements above and to the side of the WebMD article. Both are advertisements for Shingrix, a vaccine for the prevention of shingles. McCracken, in her discussion of Amazon’s Kindle, notes the presence of what she refers to as “commercial paratexts,” advertisements for other Kindle books in the text, which she contends “embeds” commercial texts within the reading experience. Commercial paratexts also influence the reading of websites. In the WebMD example, anti-vaccine activists might use the commercial paratext on the MMR vaccine page to argue that Big Pharma is the primary reason that WebMD avoids endorsing criticism of the vaccine.
Other viral infections
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
The measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine is an effective live-attenuated viral vaccine that is part of the childhood vaccination schedule when the first dose of MMR is recommended at 12 to 15 months of age and a second dose at 4 to 6 years. Two doses of MMR vaccine are recommended for students attending colleges and one dose for health-care workers (47). In response to the resurgence of measles in 1989, this recommendation also had the effect of decreasing outbreak of mumps in high schools and college students. A study from the United Kingdom using MMR vaccine indicated vaccine effectiveness of 64% after one dose and 88% after two doses (48).
Mixture Modeling
Published in Leonhard Held, Niel Hens, Philip O’Neill, Jacco Wallinga, Handbook of Infectious Disease Data Analysis, 2019
The analysed specimens were taken right after the implementation of a supplementary immunization activity that involved children from primary and secondary school (7–14 years). During that period, regional coverage for the first dose of MMR vaccine, administered within 24 months of age, passed from 89.3 percent in 2005 to 91.3 percent in 2006. Figure 19.2 shows a scatter plot by age (e) and a histogram (f) of the log antibody titers, respectively, with the given set of cut-offs.
‘From cover-up to catastrophe:’ how the anti-vaccine propaganda documentary ‘Vaxxed’ impacted student perceptions and intentions about MMR vaccination
Published in Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 2022
Amanda S. Bradshaw, Summer S. Shelton, Alexis Fitzsimmons, Debbie Treise
Additionally, since participants reported not hearing much about vaccines and that vaccine uptake is perceived to be a given, vaccine communication campaigns could seek to instill trust in standard vaccines, such as MMR, rather than focus exclusively on the newer COVID-19 vaccine, which people may be hesitant about for entirely different reasons. Prior research has shown that vaccine hesitancy can vary by antigen [44]. Notably, MMR vaccine has been FDA approved and available for use in the U.S. since 1971—over 50 years. As COVID-19 was developed as an emergency response vaccination in the last two years, we view it differently and propose that differing communication strategies are necessitated to combat different hesitancies that have emerged, which cannot be conflated with hesitance toward routine childhood immunizations, such as MMR. Previous research has highlighted how, during the 2013 polio outbreak in Israel, parents who normally give their children routine vaccinations declined the polio vaccine for their children due to ‘lack of faith in the health system, concerns about vaccine safety and reasons specific to the polio outbreak in Israel.’ Thus, researchers should carefully distinguish the scope of each study and the extent of their implications, which in our case cannot be extended to COVID-19, but which does provide an interesting angle for future inquiry in exploring messages which may encourage or, conversely, discourage COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.
Can a Measles Epidemic Be Avoided in 2022?
Published in Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 2022
In contemporary societies, the combined Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine can prevent measles. In the United Kingdom, for example, this vaccine is given as part of the routine National Health Service childhood vaccination program. Uptake of the vaccine within many societies remained high up until 1998 when Andrew Wakefield, an English doctor, published a peer-reviewed research paper in the prestigious medical journal The Lancet that claimed an association between the vaccine and autism and bowel disease. The paper was later retracted by the journal when it was suggested that the author had committed academic fraud. Although the study was discredited, the publicity surrounding the subject had a profound effect on vaccine uptake by concerned parents. The controversy linked to the Wakefield publication had a damaging impact on overall compliance to childhood immunization protocols, and vaccination rates fell from 90% to 54% after the article was published. This resulted in a subsequent public health crisis in the United Kingdom as population protection against these childhood diseases fell dramatically. This was because many parents became convinced that their children risked neurological damage if they were vaccinated without fully understanding the more dangerous risks of not vaccinating their children (Levin et al., 2022).
Intralesional measles–mumps–rubella is associated with a higher complete response in cutaneous warts: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial including GRADE qualification
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2021
Rachel Vania, Raymond Pranata, Sukmawati Tansil Tan
A Cochrane pooled review found for the efficacy of topical 5-fluorouracil, intralesional interferons and photodynamic therapy (5). However, they are potentially hazardous or toxic treatments and result in more pain than the lesion itself; therefore, careful consideration on the benefit-to-risk ratio is advised (1,3,6). The reported locally destructive treatment encompassing caustic agents (ablation, cryotherapy, salicylic acid) to antiproliferative agents have reported variable range of clearance rate, but ultimately results in scarring (7,8). Meanwhile, a systemic immunotherapeutic maneuvers such as intralesional antigens and vaccines have gained interest for a higher efficacy with tolerable side effects (8–13). Several trials have shown the successful application of mumps–measles–rubella (MMR) vaccine resulting in complete clearance of warts (14), defined as eradication of the treated area. It is hypothesized that the vaccine increases the ability of the immune system to recognize and destroy the antigen and infected cells, while establishing efficacy and safety (7,14). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to collect the latest evidence on the efficacy of MMR vaccine as immunotherapy for cutaneous warts.