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Ticks
Published in Jerome Goddard, Public Health Entomology, 2022
Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. Ehrlichia and Anaplasma organisms may be transmitted by ticks as well. They are rickettsia-like bacteria that primarily infect circulating leukocytes. The most common of them, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), occurs mostly in the central and southern United States, and infects mononuclear phagocytes in blood and tissues.12 There were 1,799 cases of HME in the United States in 2018.4 A new species of Ehrlichia causing human illness in Minnesota and Wisconsin has recently been recognized.13 Another, Anaplasma (formerly Ehrlichia) phagocytophilum, infects granulocytes and causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA); it is mostly reported from the upper Midwest and northeastern United States. There were 4,008 cases of HGA in the United States in 2018.4
Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Admitted to the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Almudena Burillo, Patricia Muñoz, Emilio Bouza
Information should be compiled, including previous infection or colonization, exposure to tuberculosis (TBC), contact with animals, raw food ingestion, gardening, prior antimicrobial therapy or prophylaxis, vaccines or immunosuppressors, and contact with a contaminated environment or persons [13,14]. History of residence or travel to endemic areas of regional mycosis [15] or S. stercoralis may be essential to detect these diseases [16]. Exposure to ticks may be crucial to diagnose entities such as human monocytic ehrlichiosis, which is potentially lethal in immunosuppressed patients [17].
Comparative aspects of the tick–host relationship: immunobiology, genomics and proteomics
Published in G. F. Wiegertjes, G. Flik, Host-Parasite Interactions, 2004
Francisco J. Alarcon-Chaidez, Stephen K. Wikel
Ixodid ticks also transmit Ehrlichia species, which are Gram-negative intracellular organisms responsible for cases of HGE and also human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME). Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii have been identified as the agents of HME, while Anaplasma phagocytophilum is responsible for HGE (Dumler and Bakken, 1998; Telford et al., 1996). Most cases of HME have been shown to occur in areas where the metastriate Amblyomma americanum (Lone Star Tick) predominates although this illness has also been detected within the geographic distribution of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. These two species of metastriate ticks are also known to transmit spotted fever, a disease caused by obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the genus Rickettsia, and tularaemia, an illness caused by the Gram-negative coccobacillus Francisella tularensis. In addition to tularaemia, the Rocky Mountain wood tick Dermacentor andersoni transmits Rickettsia rickettsii (spotted fever), and the Colorado tick fever virus.
Multiple coinfections and Guillain Barré syndrome following outdoor travel to the American Northeast
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
William Farrington, Farzam Farahani, Kevin Garrett Tayon, Jaclyn Rudzinski, Mark Feldman, Kartavya Sharma
We found only two reported cases of GBS associated with babesiosis, one of which was attributed to treatment of the infection with diminazene aceturate.11,12 No cases of GBS following human monocytic ehrlichiosis were identified in the literature. However, ehrlichiosis has been identified in the setting of canine postinfectious polyradiculoneuritis, raising the plausibility of similar pathogenesis in our patient.13 Notably, babesiosis and ehrlichiosis are tickborne zoonoses, and it is not uncommon to have coinfections transmitted by the same arthropod vector.14 One study found that 10% of Ixodes ticks in western New Jersey are coinfected by some combination of Babesia, Ehrlichia, and Borrelia species.15 Broad screening after endemic exposure is therefore prudent.
Advances in multiplex nucleic acid diagnostics for blood-borne pathogens: promises and pitfalls - an update
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
Robert Duncan, Elena Grigorenko, Carolyn Fisher, Donna Hockman, Bryan Lanning
Tick-borne pathogenic agents continue to emerge as blood safety threats. Babesia microti is well characterized and an FDA approved assay is available, however other recently emerged agents transmitted by the deer tick (Ixodes scapularis), increasingly demonstrate expanded geographic ranges, clinical case reports and more evidence of transmission by blood transfusion. During the last five years, several newly described tick-borne viral agents have also emerged and potentially may be transmitted by blood transfusion [2]. Examples of emerging tick-borne agents include the obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, causing infections that range from asymptomatic to more severe disease and death in less than 1% of cases [3]; Ehrlichia chaffeensis, which causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), is primarily found in the southeastern US and is transmitted by the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum [4]; of widespread concern the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease), is not typically a blood-borne agent due to its unique biology, however Borrelia miyamotoi, the agent of relapsing fever in the Northeast US, has been transfusion transmitted in a murine model [5].