China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Herpes simplex (herpetic whitlow, herpetic paronychia)
Published in Robert Baran, Dimitris Rigopoulos, Chander Grover, Eckart Haneke, Nail Therapies, 2021
Herpetic whitlow is highly contagious up to 7 days after the vesicles are healed, so avoidance of close contacts should be counseled. Medical personnel should be vigilant as latex gloves may only decrease transmission.
Nail in dermatological diseases
Published in Archana Singal, Shekhar Neema, Piyush Kumar, Nail Disorders, 2019
Piyush Kumar, Niharika Ranjan Lal
Other pemphigus variants exhibit nail affection. Nail shedding, in addition to yellowish nail discoloration, onychorrhexis, and onycholysis, onychomadesis, pterygium, subungual hyperkeratosis, and onychogryphosis may occur in Brazilian pemphigus (fogo selvagem).40 Vegetating pemphigus of Hallopeau show pustules with onychoatrophy.3 Differential diagnosis includes herpetic whitlow.38 The diagnosis of pemphigus can be made by histological identification and/or by direct immunofluorescence testing. The prognosis of nail changes in PV is generally good, with successful resolution of the nail changes with treatment.38
Hands
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
Herpetic whitlow – this is a herpes simplex virus (HSV) vesicular eruption in the fingertip that is typically preceded by burning-type pain the day before. It may resemble a felon, but the pulp itself should not be tense and the vesicles are filled with clear fluid (sometimes cloudy, may coalesce). These should only be incised if a secondary bacterial abscess has developed; otherwise, the open wound is at risk of super-infection. A vesicle may be deroofed for viral culture or a Tzanck smear (quicker and cheaper). It is usually self-limiting (7–10 days), but topical 5% acyclovir may be used in severe infections to shorten the disease course. There is a 20% risk of reactivation usually resulting in milder disease; oral acyclovir taken during the prodrome may abort recurrence. It is infectious until epithelialisation is complete.
A brief guide to pustular psoriasis for primary care providers
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2021
Jeffrey J. Crowley, David M. Pariser, Paul S. Yamauchi
For localized sub-types of pustular psoriasis, the main differential diagnoses include PPP and ACH, pompholyx (also called dyshidrotic eczema, or acute and recurrent vesicular hand dermatitis), and nail infection (for ACH). Pompholyx is a chronic dermatitis characterized by the appearance of clusters of vesicles (clear blisters) on the palms and soles, accompanied by erythema and intense pruritus, and pustules may be present [39]. It is rarely difficult to distinguish between PPP and pompholyx, although discriminatory histopathologic features have been described [40]. Nail infection may be investigated by testing the pustule material (e.g. gram stain for possible bacterial infection; potassium hydroxide test for possible fungal infection; polymerase chain reaction testing for possible herpetic whitlow [41]).
Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analyses
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Eleazar E. Reward, Sophia O. Muo, Ibuchukwu N. A. Orabueze, Anthony C. Ike
Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 are lifelong infections [1]. Following initial infection, lifetime latency is established within neural ganglions from which viruses can be reactivated periodically [2]. Globally, infections caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 are amongst the most common human viral infections. The transmission of HSV-2 is mainly through sexual means, while HSV-1 is transmitted non-sexually during infancy [2]. However, there is an increasing proportion of genital herpes infections caused by HSV-1 in the developed world. This is probably due to changes in sexual behavior, with oral-genital sex becoming very common [3]. Both types of the virus cause sub-clinical infection and thus many of those infected are oblivious of their infection status. When the patient becomes symptomatic however, there is a presence of episodic ulcerative lesions at the site of infection [1]. Globally, HSV-2 is also the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) [4], and the most widespread cause of Genital Ulcer Disease (GUD) [5]. HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections sometimes lead to serious complications in infected individuals. These complications range from fatality in infants infected perinatally to corneal blindness, herpetic whitlow, gingivostomatitis, aseptic meningitis and encephalitis amongst others [6,7]. HSV also has a significant interaction with HIV, as HSV-2 infection quadruples the risk of transmitting HIV infection and also increases 2- to 3- fold the chances of acquiring the disease [1]. According to meta-analysis, HSV-2 seropositivity is associated with HIV acquisition risk ratio of 2.7 in men and 3.1 in women [8].
Current vaccine approaches and emerging strategies against herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Vindya Nilakshi Wijesinghe, Isra Ahmad Farouk, Nur Zawanah Zabidi, Ashwini Puniyamurti, Wee Sim Choo, Sunil Kumar Lal
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a neurotropic virus [1] belonging to the Herpesviridae family which houses eight different types of viruses for which humans are the primary host [2]. Within this family, the viruses are divided into three different groups – alpha-, beta- and gamma-herpesvirinae [3]. HSV belongs to the subgroup of alphaherpesvirinae and is found in two forms, HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV type 2 (HSV-2) [4], with biological distinctions in where they establish latent infections [5]. HSV-1 and HSV-2 mostly cause mucocutaneous disease as they affect mucous membranes and the skin, particularly, the oral cavity and genital area, respectively. Most HSV-1 infections lead to oral herpes (also referred to as cold sores) though the virus can also be transmitted to the genital area via contact with the oral cavity, causing genital herpes [6], which is more commonly derived from HSV-2 infections [7]. In 2016 alone, approximately two-thirds of people below 50 years of age were infected with HSV-1, amounting to ~3.7 billion affected individuals worldwide, while ~13% of the population suffered from HSV-2 infections [6]. However, most individuals are asymptomatic for both oral and genital forms of the disease, leaving a comparatively small fraction of people who actually display clinical symptoms [6]; i.e. development of febrile vesicular lesions associated with redness and a burning sensation, gradually forming a painful fluid-containing blister around the mouth or genitalia, in the case of both oral and genital herpes [8]. Unfortunately, genital herpes and cold sores are not the only forms of HSV-related diseases. Others include ocular herpes, herpes gladiatorum, herpetic whitlow, neonatal herpes and so on [9].